Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, United States; Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, United States.
Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, United States.
Infant Behav Dev. 2020 Aug;60:101472. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101472. Epub 2020 Aug 25.
Using a moment-to-moment multilevel approach, we examined the relative effectiveness of (a) toddlers' lagged (i.e., previous-interval) regulatory strategies and toddlers' lagged expression of negative emotion, as moderated by maternal affect, and (b) maternal lagged regulatory strategies, on toddlers' current-interval (1) expression of negative emotion, and, (2) ability to delay gratification during a wait task. Two-level random coefficient models, with twelve repeated-measurement occasions (10 s-intervals) of observed behaviors (N = 1571) nested within 134 mother-toddler dyads from low-income families (67 girls; M = 25.77 months, SD = 1.60) were examined. Cross-level interactions revealed that maternal positive affect buffered severity of toddlers' expression of negative emotion between lagged and current-intervals, while maternal negative affect disrupted toddlers' effective utilization of lagged regulatory strategies on current-interval expression of negative emotion. However, regardless of maternal affect, toddlers who displayed higher expression of negative emotion and utilized more regulatory strategies in lagged-intervals displayed greater delay of gratification in current-intervals. Also, as mothers displayed greater minimization of toddlers' emotional distress, higher physical restraint, and used fewer distractions, toddlers displayed more intense expression of negative emotion in subsequent intervals. Similarly, as mothers used higher physical restraint and fewer distractions, toddlers were less able to wait in subsequent intervals. Results illustrate the disruptive roles of maternal negative affect and unsupportive regulatory strategies on toddlers' emotion and behavior regulation. Together, these findings point to targeting maternal positive affect in combination with supportive regulatory strategies to promote toddlers' transition from external- to internal-regulation.
采用逐时多水平方法，我们检验了（a）幼儿滞后（即前一区间）的调节策略和幼儿滞后的负性情绪表达，以及（b）母亲滞后的调节策略对幼儿当前区间（1）负性情绪表达和（2）在等待任务中延迟满足的能力的相对有效性。在 134 对来自低收入家庭的母婴二人组（67 名女孩；M = 25.77 个月，SD = 1.60）中嵌套了 12 次重复测量的观察行为（N = 1571），进行了两水平随机系数模型检验。跨水平交互作用表明，母亲的积极情绪缓冲了幼儿滞后和当前区间之间负性情绪表达的严重程度，而母亲的消极情绪破坏了幼儿在当前区间有效利用滞后调节策略的能力。然而，无论母亲的情绪如何，在滞后区间表现出更高负性情绪表达和更多调节策略的幼儿，在当前区间表现出更大的延迟满足。此外，随着母亲减少幼儿的情绪困扰、提高身体约束程度和减少分心，幼儿在后续区间表现出更强烈的负性情绪表达。同样，随着母亲更多地使用身体约束和减少分心，幼儿在后续区间等待的能力越低。研究结果表明，母亲的消极情绪和不支持的调节策略对幼儿的情绪和行为调节具有破坏性作用。总之，这些发现表明，需要针对母亲的积极情绪和支持性的调节策略，以促进幼儿从外部调节向内部调节的转变。
