Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service, Flagstaff, AZ.
Arizona State Forestry and Fire Management, Phoenix, AZ (Retired).
J Econ Entomol. 2020 Dec 9;113(6):3017-3020. doi: 10.1093/jee/toaa192.
Recent outbreaks of engraver beetles, Ips spp. De Geer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Scolytinae), in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm. (Pinales: Pinaceae), forests of northern Arizona have resulted in widespread tree mortality. Current treatment options, such as spraying individual P. ponderosa with insecticides or deep watering of P. ponderosa in urban and periurban settings, are limited in applicability and scale. Thinning stands to increase tree vigor is also recommended, but appropriate timing is crucial. Antiaggregation pheromones, widely used to protect high-value trees or areas against attacks by several species of Dendroctonus Erichson (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Scolytinae), would provide a feasible alternative with less environmental impacts than current treatments. We evaluated the efficacy of the antiaggregation pheromone verbenone (4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one) in reducing attraction of pine engraver, I. pini (Say), to funnel traps baited with their aggregation pheromone in two trapping assays. Treatments included 1) unbaited control, 2) aggregation pheromone (bait), 3) bait with verbenone deployed from a pouch, and 4) bait with verbenone deployed from a flowable and biodegradable formulation (SPLAT Verb, ISCA Technologies Inc., Riverside, CA). Unbaited traps caught no beetles. In both assays, baited traps caught significantly more I. pini than traps with either formulation of verbenone, and no significant difference was observed between the verbenone pouch and SPLAT Verb. In the second assay, we also examined responses of Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae), a common bark beetle predator. Traps containing verbenone pouches caught significantly fewer T. chlorodia than the baited control and SPLAT Verb treatments. We conclude that verbenone shows promise for reducing tree mortality from I. pini.
最近，在亚利桑那州北部的辐射松、Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.（松柏目：松科）松林里，伊普斯属切梢小蠹 Ips spp. De Geer（鞘翅目：象甲科；小蠹科）的爆发导致了广泛的树木死亡。目前的治疗选择，如对个别辐射松进行杀虫剂喷雾或在城市和城郊环境中对辐射松进行深层浇水，在适用性和规模上都受到限制。也建议疏伐林分以增加树木活力，但适当的时机至关重要。抗聚集信息素，广泛用于保护高价值树木或区域免受几种齿小蠹属 Dendroctonus Erichson（鞘翅目：象甲科；小蠹科）的攻击，将提供一种可行的替代方案，比目前的治疗方法对环境的影响更小。我们评估了反聚集信息素马鞭草酮（4,6,6-三甲基双环[3.1.1]庚-3-烯-2-酮）在减少松雕象甲 I. pini（Say）对其聚集信息素诱捕器的吸引力方面的功效，在两次诱捕试验中，使用漏斗陷阱进行了评估。处理包括 1）未诱饵对照、2）聚集信息素（诱饵）、3）从袋中部署的诱饵和马鞭草酮以及 4）从可流动和可生物降解配方（SPLAT Verb，ISCA Technologies Inc.，加利福尼亚州河滨）中部署的诱饵和马鞭草酮。未诱饵的陷阱没有捕获到甲虫。在两次试验中，用诱饵的陷阱捕获的 I. pini 明显多于用马鞭草酮的任何配方的陷阱，而马鞭草酮袋和 SPLAT Verb 之间没有观察到显著差异。在第二次试验中，我们还研究了常见的树皮甲虫捕食者 Temnochila chlorodia（Mannerheim）（鞘翅目：花蚤科）的反应。装有马鞭草酮袋的诱捕器捕获的 T. chlorodia 明显少于诱饵对照和 SPLAT Verb 处理。我们得出结论，马鞭草酮有望减少 I. pini 造成的树木死亡。
