Indications for therapeutic apheresis in hematological disorders.

The early apheresis devices were developed in 1930s, but therapeutic apheresis only became widely used decades later, when automated cell separators were introduced. Progress in technical development of these devices continues to this day. Initial use of therapeutic apheresis has not been evidence based. Documents such as the Guidelines by the American Society for Apheresis provided hematologist with better tools to assess the role of therapeutic apheresis in daily practice. This review focuses on the use of therapeutic apheresis in patients with hematological disorders. Four separate apheresis modalities most encountered by hematologists are discussed: therapeutic plasma exchange, therapeutic leukocytapheresis, red blood cell exchange, and extracorporeal photopheresis. Examples of indications are provided and discussed. The future of therapeutic apheresis and its role in different diseases is undergoing continuous re-evaluation as disease pathogenesis is better understood and new treatment options become available.