未完全观察到的：六种常见的欧洲马蝇物种（双翅目，虻科）的生态位估计。
Incompletely observed: niche estimation for six frequent European horsefly species (Diptera, Tabanoidea, Tabanidae).
机构信息
Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60439, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
出版信息
Parasit Vectors. 2020 Sep 10;13(1):461. doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04316-7.
BACKGROUND
More than 170 species of tabanids are known in Europe, with many occurring only in limited areas or having become very rare in the last decades. They continue to spread various diseases in animals and are responsible for livestock losses in developing countries. The current monitoring and recording of horseflies is mainly conducted throughout central Europe, with varying degrees of frequency depending on the country. To the detriment of tabanid research, little cooperation exists between western European and Eurasian countries.
METHODS
For these reasons, we have compiled available sources in order to generate as complete a dataset as possible of six horsefly species common in Europe. We chose Haematopota pluvialis, Chrysops relictus, C. caecutiens, Tabanus bromius, T. bovinus and T. sudeticus as ubiquitous and abundant species within Europe. The aim of this study is to estimate the distribution, land cover usage and niches of these species. We used a surface-range envelope (SRE) model in accordance with our hypothesis of an underestimated distribution based on Eurocentric monitoring regimes.
RESULTS
Our results show that all six species have a wide range in Eurasia, have a broad climatic niche and can therefore be considered as widespread generalists. Areas with modelled habitat suitability cover the observed distribution and go far beyond these. This supports our assumption that the current state of tabanid monitoring and the recorded distribution significantly underestimates the actual distribution. Our results show that the species can withstand extreme weather and climatic conditions and can be found in areas with only a few frost-free months per year. Additionally, our results reveal that species prefer certain land-cover environments and avoid other land-cover types.
CONCLUSIONS
The SRE model is an effective tool to calculate the distribution of species that are well monitored in some areas but poorly in others. Our results support the hypothesis that the available distribution data underestimate the actual distribution of the surveyed species.
背景
在欧洲已知有超过 170 种虻科昆虫，其中许多仅在有限的地区出现，或在过去几十年中变得非常罕见。它们继续在动物中传播各种疾病，并导致发展中国家的牲畜损失。目前对虻的监测和记录主要在中欧进行，不同国家的监测频率也有所不同。由于虻科研究的不利因素，西欧和欧亚国家之间几乎没有合作。
方法
基于这些原因，我们整合了可用的资源，以便尽可能完整地生成欧洲六种常见虻的数据集。我们选择 Haematopota pluvialis、Chrysops relictus、C. caecutiens、Tabanus bromius、T. bovinus 和 T. sudeticus 作为欧洲普遍存在且丰富的物种。本研究的目的是估计这些物种的分布、土地覆盖利用和生态位。我们使用了基于表面范围包络（SRE）模型的方法，这是根据我们对基于欧洲中心监测制度的低估分布的假设。
结果
我们的结果表明，这六种物种在欧亚大陆都有广泛的分布范围，具有广泛的气候生态位，因此可以被认为是广泛存在的普通物种。建模的栖息地适宜性区域覆盖了观察到的分布范围，并且远远超出了这些范围。这支持了我们的假设，即目前虻的监测状态和记录的分布显著低估了实际分布。我们的结果表明，这些物种能够承受极端的天气和气候条件，并且可以在每年只有少数无霜月的地区找到。此外，我们的结果还表明，这些物种偏好某些土地覆盖环境，而避免其他土地覆盖类型。
结论
SRE 模型是一种有效的工具，可以计算在某些地区得到很好监测但在其他地区监测不佳的物种的分布。我们的结果支持了可用分布数据低估调查物种实际分布的假设。
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