Multidrug Resistant Isolates Release Resistance Determinants Through Contact-Dependent Killing and Bacteriophage Lysis.

Antimicrobial resistance is an ancient bacterial defense mechanism that has rapidly spread due to the frequent use of antibiotics for disease treatment and livestock growth promotion. We are becoming increasingly aware that pathogens, such as members of the genus , are precipitously evolving drug resistances through multiple mechanisms, including the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes. In this study, we isolated three multidrug resistant species from birds on a free-range farm. , , and were isolated from hens, turkeys and ducks and were resistant to 14 clinically relevant antibiotics, including several listed by the World Health Organization as essential medicines. Co-culturing any of the three species with resulted in contact-dependent release of intact resistance determinants. We also isolated several lytic bacteriophages and selected two of these phages to be included in this study based on differences in plaquing characteristics, nucleic acid content and viral morphology. Both phages released host DNA, including antibiotic resistance genes during cell lysis and we demonstrated that these resistance determinants were transferable to a naïve strain of . This study demonstrates that contact-dependent competition between bacterial species can readily contribute to DNA release into the environment, including antibiotic resistance determinants. We also highlight that the constant lysis and turnover of bacterial populations during the natural lifecycle of a lytic bacteriophage is an underappreciated mechanism for the liberation of DNA and subsequent genetic exchange.