U.S. Geological Survey, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America.
U.S. Geological Survey, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Nov 25;745:141285. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141285. Epub 2020 Jul 28.
During water years (WY) 2013-2017, the U.S. Geological Survey, National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project, sampled the National Water Quality Network - Rivers and Streams (NWQN) year-round and reported on 221 pesticides at 72 sites across the United States in agricultural, developed, and mixed land use watersheds. The Pesticide Toxicity Index (PTI) was used to estimate the potential chronic and acute toxicity to three taxonomic groups - fish, cladocerans, and benthic invertebrates. For invertebrates (either cladocerans, benthic invertebrates, or both), the maximum PTI score exceeded the predicted acute toxicity screening level at 18 of the 72 sites (25%) at some point during WY 2013-2017. The predicted toxicity of a single pesticide compound was found to overwhelm the toxicity of other pesticides in the mixtures after concentrations were toxicity weighted. For this study, about 71%, 72%, and 92% of the Fish-, Cladoceran-, and Benthic Invertebrate-PTI scores, respectively, had one pesticide compound primarily contributing to sample potential toxicity (>50%). There were 17 (13 insecticides, 2 herbicides, 1 fungicide, and 1 synergist) of the 221 pesticide compounds analyzed that were the primary drivers of potential toxicity in each water sample in which the PTI and TUmax (toxic unit score for the pesticide that makes the single largest contribution to the PTI) scores were above predicted chronic (>0.1) or acute (>1) toxicity levels for one of the three taxa. For cladocerans and benthic invertebrates, the drivers of predicted chronic (>0.1) and acute (>1) PTIs were mostly insecticides. For cladocerans, the pesticide compounds driving the PTI scores were bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dichlorvos, dicrotophos, diflubenzuron, flubendiamide, and tebupirimfos. For benthic invertebrates, atrazine (an herbicide), as well as the insecticides - bifenthrin, carbaryl, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dichlorvos, fipronil, imidacloprid, and methamidophos - were the drivers of predicted toxicity. For fish, there were three pesticide types that contributed the most to predicted chronic (>0.1) PTIs - acetochlor, an herbicide; carbendazim, a fungicide degradate; and piperonylbutoxide, a synergist.
在 2013-2017 年的水年期间，美国地质调查局（USGS）国家水质评估（NAWQA）项目全年对国家水质网络-河流和溪流（NWQN）进行采样，并报告了在美国农业、开发和混合土地利用流域的 72 个地点的 221 种农药。利用农药毒性指数（PTI）来估计三种分类群（鱼类、枝角类和底栖无脊椎动物）的慢性和急性潜在毒性。对于无脊椎动物（枝角类、底栖无脊椎动物或两者兼有），在 2013-2017 年的某个时候，在 72 个地点中的 18 个地点（25%），最大 PTI 得分超过了预测的急性毒性筛选水平。在对浓度进行毒性加权后，发现混合物中单一农药化合物的预测毒性超过了其他农药的毒性。在这项研究中，鱼类、枝角类和底栖无脊椎动物的 PTI 评分分别约有 71%、72%和 92%，一个农药化合物主要导致了样本的潜在毒性（>50%）。在所分析的 221 种农药化合物中，有 17 种（13 种杀虫剂、2 种除草剂、1 种杀菌剂和 1 种增效剂）是每种水样中 PTI 和 TUmax（对 PTI 贡献最大的单一农药的毒性单位得分）得分高于预测慢性（>0.1）或急性（>1）毒性水平的主要驱动因素之一。对于枝角类和底栖无脊椎动物，预测慢性（>0.1）和急性（>1）PTI 的驱动因素主要是杀虫剂。对于枝角类，驱动 PTI 评分的农药化合物是联苯菊酯、甲萘威、毒死蜱、二嗪农、敌敌畏、久效磷、二氟苯脲、氟苯虫酰胺和噻虫嗪。对于底栖无脊椎动物，莠去津（一种除草剂）以及杀虫剂-联苯菊酯、甲萘威、克百威、毒死蜱、二嗪农、敌敌畏、氟虫腈、氯噻虫胺和甲胺磷，是预测毒性的驱动因素。对于鱼类，有三种农药类型对预测慢性（>0.1）PTI 的贡献最大——乙草胺，一种除草剂；多菌灵，一种杀菌剂降解物；和增效醚，一种增效剂。
