Altered Envelope Structure and Nanomechanical Properties of a C-Terminal Protease A-Deficient .

(1) Background: Many factors can impact bacterial mechanical properties, which play an important role in survival and adaptation. This study characterizes the ultrastructural phenotype, elastic and viscoelastic properties of bv. 3841 and the C-terminal protease A () null mutant strain predicted to have a compromised cell envelope; (2) Methods: To probe the cell envelope, we used transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) force spectroscopy, and time-dependent AFM creep deformation; (3) Results: TEM images show a compromised and often detached outer membrane for the mutant. Muropeptide characterization by HPLC and MS showed an increase in peptidoglycan dimeric peptide (GlcNAc-MurNAc-Ala-Glu-meso-DAP-Ala-meso-DAP-Glu-Ala-MurNAc-GlcNAc) for the mutant, indicative of increased crosslinking. The mutant had significantly larger spring constants than wild type under all hydrated conditions, attributable to more highly crosslinked peptidoglycan. Time-dependent AFM creep deformation for both the wild type and mutant was indicative of a viscoelastic cell envelope, with best fit to the four-element Burgers model and generating values for viscoelastic parameters k, k, η, and η; (4) Conclusions: The viscoelastic response of the mutant is consistent with both its compromised outer membrane (TEM) and fortified peptidoglycan layer (HPLC/MS).