Cell size, projection path, and localization of estrogen-sensitive neurons in the rat ventromedial hypothalamus.

Antidromic action potentials were recorded in and around the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) of the ovariectomized female rat following stimulation of the central gray matter of the mesencephalon (CG). The animals had either the lateral or caudal trajectory of the VMN efferent disrupted by a small knife cut. Changes in the polarity, peak-to-peak amplitude, and the duration of the initial positive deflection of the antidromic action potentials were recorded for each response as the recording electrode was advanced at 10-micron intervals from the point of detection of the potential until its deterioration. Seventy-four recordings in which potentials exceeded 2 mV at the maxima were subjected to further analysis. The mean spatial spread of the extracellular antidromic action potentials, which was measured by moving the recording electrode at 10-micron intervals, was significantly larger in responses in 17 animals bearing the posterior knife cut (n = 41) than those in 15 animals with the lateral knife cut (n = 33). Mean peak-to-peak amplitude was also significantly greater in responses from the posterior-cut animals than in those from the lateral-cut ones. In the former, action potentials were completed with a shorter time lapse than the latter. In the posterior-cut animals, estrogen treatment of the ovariectomized rats significantly lowered antidromic activation thresholds and shortened absolute refractory periods for CG stimulation. Estrogen had no detectable effect on the excitability of cells that survived the lateral cut. Histological analyses located antidromically driven cells in the posterior-cut animals in the rostral extremity of the VMN and the adjacent retrochiasmatic area; those in the lateral-cut animals were scattered in and around the VMN, caudad to the former. These results suggest that rostral VMN neurons with large soma and laterally projecting axons are responsible for estrogen-dependent autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral functions, such as reproduction and feeding.