Graduate Student Literature Review: The effects of bedding, stall length, and manger wall height on common outcome measures of dairy cow welfare in stall-based housing systems.

Understanding and improving dairy cow welfare in stall-based housing systems is an important issue for the dairy industry, and one area of the stall that has a large impact on cow welfare is the stall bed. The stall bed is defined both by its size and by the material components of the stall bed (bedding depth, bedding type, and stall base type). This review examines the current literature to determine how the material components of the stall bed, as well as bed length and manger wall/brisket board height (which together define the length of the stall bed) can affect cow welfare through lying time, injuries, lameness, and cow and stall cleanliness. Of the material components of the stall bed, bedding depth appears to have the largest potential positive impact on dairy cow welfare, as deeper levels of bedding in stalls, regardless of the bedding type, can improve compressibility to the extent that the stall base type is negligible. As such, deeper levels of bedding have been associated with increased lying time and a reduced likelihood of a cow developing injuries or becoming lame. Longer stall bed lengths have been shown to increase lying time and decrease the prevalence of injury and lameness. The effect of manger wall or brisket board height on cow welfare has not been studied extensively, but they may work in conjunction with other stall components to define the resting space available to the cow. Overall, the material components of the stall bed, stall length, and manger wall/brisket board height, as well as their combination, all influence cow welfare and need to be taken in consideration to improve the overall welfare of cows in stall-based housing systems.