Departamento de Ciencias-Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru´.
(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4714-156X [H.M.]).
J Food Prot. 2021 Feb 1;84(2):204-212. doi: 10.4315/JFP-20-212.
Some harmful algal blooms produce lipophilic marine biotoxins (LMTs) such as okadaic acid (OA; and its analogs dinophysistoxins [DTXs]), yessotoxins (YTXs), pectenotoxins (PTXs), and azaspiracids (AZAs), all of which may accumulate in filter-feeding bivalve mollusks. European health regulations stipulate a limit of 160 μg/kg for OA or DTXs, PTXs, and AZAs and 3.75 mg/kg for YTXs. Argopecten purpuratus is a valuable commercial marine bivalve exploited in Peru. Despite its importance and the periodic reports of the presence of harmful algal blooms in Peruvian coastal waters, information regarding potential contamination of these scallops by LMTs is lacking. We evaluated LMTs in 115 samples of A. purpuratus collected between November 2013 and March 2015 from 18 production areas distributed along the Peruvian coast. The hepatopancreas, which accumulates most of the toxins in the scallop, was analyzed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to quantify OA in its free form, YTX, AZA-1, and PTX-2. Baseline separation was achieved in 19 min. Linearity (R2 > 0.997), precision (coefficient of variation < 15%), and limits of quantification (0.155 to 0.479 ng/mL) were satisfactory. YTX was found in 72 samples, and PTX-2 was found in 17 samples, but concentrations of both biotoxins were below the regulatory limits. Free OA and AZA-1 were not detected in the scallop samples. This atypical profile (i.e., presence of PTX-2 and absence of OA) may be linked to the presence of the dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata. The production of YTX could be associated with the phytoplankton Gonyaulax spinifera and Protoceratium reticulatum. This is the first systematic assessment of the four types of LMTs in shellfish from Peruvian coastal waters. The results suggest low prevalence of LMTs in Peruvian bay scallops but support continued surveillance and analysis of LMTs in Peru.
一些有害藻类会产生脂溶性海洋生物毒素（LMTs），如冈田酸（OA；及其类似物 dinophysistoxins [DTXs]）、yessotoxins（YTXs）、扇贝毒素（PTXs）和azaspiracids（AZAs），所有这些毒素都可能在滤食性双壳贝类中积累。欧洲健康法规规定 OA 或 DTXs、PTXs 和 AZAs 的限量为 160μg/kg，YTXs 的限量为 3.75mg/kg。海湾扇贝（Argopecten purpuratus）是秘鲁一种有价值的商业性海洋双壳贝类。尽管其重要性以及秘鲁沿海水域有害藻类大量繁殖的周期性报告，但有关这些扇贝可能受到 LMTs 污染的信息仍然缺乏。我们评估了 2013 年 11 月至 2015 年 3 月期间在秘鲁沿海 18 个生产区采集的 115 个海湾扇贝样品中的 LMTs。作为扇贝中积累大部分毒素的器官，对其肝胰腺进行了液相色谱-串联质谱分析，以定量测定游离 OA、YTX、AZA-1 和 PTX-2。在 19 分钟内实现了基线分离。线性（R2＞0.997）、精密度（变异系数＜15%）和定量限（0.155 至 0.479ng/mL）均令人满意。在 72 个样品中发现了 YTX，在 17 个样品中发现了 PTX-2，但这两种生物毒素的浓度均低于监管限值。扇贝样品中未检测到游离 OA 和 AZA-1。这种非典型的图谱（即存在 PTX-2 而不存在 OA）可能与双鞭甲藻属 dinophysis acuminata 的存在有关。YTX 的产生可能与浮游植物 Gonyaulax spinifera 和 Protoceratium reticulatum 有关。这是首次对秘鲁沿海水域贝类中这四种类型的 LMTs 进行系统评估。结果表明，秘鲁海湾扇贝中 LMTs 的流行率较低，但支持秘鲁继续对 LMTs 进行监测和分析。
