Baturin A K, Martinchik A N, Kambarov A O
Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240, Moscow, Russian Federation.
Vopr Pitan. 2020;89(4):60-70. doi: 10.24411/0042-8833-2020-10042. Epub 2020 Jul 29.
The assessment of the individual dietary intake of the population acquired critical importance in the Russian Federation when implementing socio-economic reforms in the 1990s. This was due to the difficulties of the transition period from a planned economy to market relations, which was reflected in a decrease in the level of the socio-economic condition of the population. The purpose of this study was to analyze objective and reliable information about the nature of consumption of nutrients and energy, as well as food products by the adult population of Russia in the period 1994-2018. . The paper analyzes and summarizes the results of sample surveys of household budgets conducted by the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) in 1991-2018 and of large-scale epidemiological studies of the actual dietary intake of the population of the Russian Federation, which are presented by the data of the "Russian Longitudnal Monitoring Surveys" (RLMS) in 1994-2012 and large-scale nutrition surveys conducted by Rosstat in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2013 and 2018. All nutrition surveys were carried out according to a unified methodology for collecting, processing and reporting actual data developed at the Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety. Using a unified methodological basis allows us to build an analysis of the dietary intake of the population for the period from 1994 to 2018. . The objective data on the consumption of energy, nutrients, individual and aggregated groups of food products were analyzed depending on a number of socio-demographic and socio-economic variables that determine the nutrition pattern of the population of the Russian Federation during the period of economic reforms in the 1990s and 2000s. According to budget surveys, over the past years, the structure of the diet in households has changed significantly: the consumption of potatoes decreased by 45% and bakery products by 6%, the consumption of fish and fruits almost doubled, the consumption of meat products increased by 60%, of vegetables by 20%. According to epidemiological studies, the fat content increased from 31 to 36.8% of calorie content, the protein content didn't changed significantly, although in recent years there has been a tendency to increase to 12.1% of calorie content. The average per capita consumption of protein and fat by adults, including saturated fat acids were significantly higher in 2005-2018, compared with the 1990s, both in absolute quantities and in per cents of the caloric intake. At the same time, the consumption of total carbohydrates in per cents of the calorie intake and the amount of dietary fiber in the diet decreased. Parallel to fat intake changes, an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult population has been shown. A consistent decrease in adult consumption of added sugar in per cents of the total calorie intake was revealed from 14.0% in 1994 to 12.3-12.8% in 2012-2018. Changes in the structure of energy consumption and macronutrients are due to changes in the structure of the food ration set that have occurred over the years of observation. The total consumption of dairy products in terms of milk increased: the consumption of the amount of dairy products (drinks and "spoons"), curd products and cheeses increased, only the consumption of drinking milk did not change. In 2012 and 2013 consumption of meat products and sausages was significantly higher than in previous years. There was an increase in the consumption of fish, vegetables, fruits, fats and oils, juices in the 2000s compared with the 1990s. On the contrary, over the years of observation, a consistent decrease in the consumption of the total grain products was observed. These changes in the consumption of macronutrients and foods are a characteristic feature of the transition period from "poor" to "rich" dietary intake and the increase in 2000s in the diet energy density due to an increase in the proportion of fat and a decrease in the proportion of carbohydrates, which contribute to weight gain and an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. The dependence of the structure of the diet on the economic situation of the family has been established, which implies the problem of malnutrition, both general malnutrition and insufficient intake of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), in poor families. . An assessment of the current nutritional status of the Russian population implies a double burden of disruption, determined both by the simultaneous presence of malnutrition problems and the increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity.
20世纪90年代俄罗斯联邦在实施社会经济改革时，对居民个体饮食摄入情况的评估变得至关重要。这是由于从计划经济向市场关系过渡时期存在困难，这反映在居民社会经济状况水平的下降上。本研究的目的是分析1994 - 2018年期间俄罗斯成年人口营养物质和能量以及食品消费性质的客观可靠信息。本文分析并总结了联邦国家统计局（Rosstat）在1991 - 2018年进行的家庭预算抽样调查结果，以及俄罗斯联邦居民实际饮食摄入的大规模流行病学研究结果，这些结果由1994 - 2012年“俄罗斯纵向监测调查”（RLMS）的数据以及Rosstat在2013年和2018年在俄罗斯联邦所有主体进行的大规模营养调查呈现。所有营养调查均按照联邦营养、生物技术和食品安全研究中心制定的统一方法收集、处理和报告实际数据。使用统一的方法基础使我们能够对1994年至2018年期间居民的饮食摄入情况进行分析。根据一些社会人口和社会经济变量，分析了能量、营养物质、食品个体和汇总组消费的客观数据，这些变量决定了20世纪90年代和21世纪初经济改革期间俄罗斯联邦居民的营养模式。根据预算调查，在过去几年中，家庭饮食结构发生了显著变化：土豆消费量下降了45%，烘焙食品下降了6%，鱼类和水果消费量几乎翻了一番，肉类产品消费量增加了60%，蔬菜增加了20%。根据流行病学研究，脂肪含量从热量的31%增加到36.8%，蛋白质含量没有显著变化，尽管近年来有增加到热量的12.1%的趋势。与20世纪90年代相比，2005 - 2018年成年人包括饱和脂肪酸在内的蛋白质和脂肪人均消费量在绝对数量和热量摄入百分比方面都显著更高。与此同时，碳水化合物总热量摄入百分比和饮食中膳食纤维量下降。与脂肪摄入量变化并行，成年人口中超重和肥胖患病率有所上升。从1994年总热量摄入的14.0%到2012 - 2018年的12.3 - 12.8%，发现成年人添加糖消费量占总热量摄入百分比持续下降。能量消费和常量营养素结构的变化是由于观察期间食物配给结构发生了变化。以牛奶计的乳制品总消费量增加：乳制品（饮料和“勺量”）、凝乳产品和奶酪的消费量增加，只有饮用牛奶的消费量没有变化。2012年和2013年肉类产品和香肠的消费量显著高于前几年。与20世纪90年代相比，21世纪鱼类、蔬菜、水果、油脂、果汁的消费量有所增加。相反，在观察期间，谷物产品总消费量持续下降。常量营养素和食物消费的这些变化是从“贫困”到“丰富”饮食摄入过渡时期的一个特征，并且由于脂肪比例增加和碳水化合物比例下降，21世纪饮食能量密度增加，这导致体重增加以及超重和肥胖患病率上升。已经确定了饮食结构对家庭经济状况的依赖性，这意味着贫困家庭存在营养不良问题，包括一般营养不良和微量营养素（维生素和矿物质）摄入不足。对俄罗斯人口当前营养状况的评估意味着双重负担的干扰，这是由营养不良问题的同时存在以及超重和肥胖患病率的上升所决定的。
