Johnston S D, Raksil S
Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1987 May;17(3):535-54. doi: 10.1016/s0195-5616(87)50052-3.
Occurrence and type (resorption, abortion, stillbirth, mummification) of pregnancy loss in the dog and cat depend on the cause of the loss and the stage of gestation at which it occurs. General categories of known causes of embryonic or fetal death in the dog and cat include chromosome and developmental abnormalities of the fetus, infectious agents, maternal endocrine abnormalities, trauma, exogenous drugs, uterine torsion, and dystocia. Diagnosis of fetal loss and of cause of fetal loss relies on the history, physical examination, abdominal radiography and ultrasonography, serology, hormone assay, and on culture, pathology, and karyotype of fetal/placental tissue. Aggressive diagnostics at the time of fetal loss are essential to preventive strategies at subsequent pregnancies.
犬猫妊娠丢失的发生率及类型（吸收、流产、死产、木乃伊化）取决于丢失的原因及其发生时的妊娠阶段。犬猫胚胎或胎儿死亡的已知原因一般类别包括胎儿的染色体和发育异常、感染因子、母体内分泌异常、创伤、外源性药物、子宫扭转及难产。胎儿丢失及胎儿丢失原因的诊断依赖于病史、体格检查、腹部X线摄影及超声检查、血清学、激素测定，以及胎儿/胎盘组织的培养、病理学及核型分析。胎儿丢失时积极的诊断对于后续妊娠的预防策略至关重要。
