School of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, United States.
Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, the Netherlands; Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, the Netherlands.
Perception. 2020 Sep;49(9):905-925. doi: 10.1177/0301006620946532.
Most objects have well-defined affordances. Investigating perception of affordances of objects that were not created for a specific purpose would provide insight into how affordances are perceived. In addition, comparison of perception of affordances for such objects across different exploratory modalities (visual vs. haptic) would offer a strong test of the lawfulness of information about affordances (i.e., the invariance of such information over transformation). Along these lines, "feelies"- objects created by Gibson with no obvious function and unlike any common object-could shed light on the processes underlying affordance perception. This study showed that when observers reported potential uses for feelies, modality significantly influenced what kind of affordances were perceived. Specifically, visual exploration resulted in more noun labels (e.g., "toy") than haptic exploration which resulted in more verb labels (i.e., "throw"). These results suggested that overlapping, but distinct classes of action possibilities are perceivable using vision and haptics. Semantic network analyses revealed that visual exploration resulted in object-oriented responses focused on object identification, whereas haptic exploration resulted in action-oriented responses. Cluster analyses confirmed these results. Affordance labels produced in the visual condition were more consistent, used fewer descriptors, were less diverse, but more novel than in the haptic condition.
大多数物体都具有明确的可提供性。研究那些并非为特定目的而创造的物体的可提供性感知，将有助于深入了解人们是如何感知可提供性的。此外，比较此类物体在不同探索模态（视觉与触觉）下的可提供性感知，将为可提供性信息的规律性（即此类信息在转换过程中的不变性）提供强有力的检验。沿着这些思路，吉布森创造的“感觉物”——没有明显功能且与任何常见物体都不同的物体——可以揭示可提供性感知背后的过程。这项研究表明，当观察者报告感觉物的潜在用途时，模态会显著影响感知到的可提供性类型。具体而言，视觉探索导致更多的名词标签（例如“玩具”），而触觉探索导致更多的动词标签（即“投掷”）。这些结果表明，视觉和触觉可以感知到重叠但不同类别的动作可能性。语义网络分析显示，视觉探索导致以物体为中心的反应，侧重于物体识别，而触觉探索则导致以动作为中心的反应。聚类分析证实了这些结果。视觉条件下产生的可提供性标签更一致，使用的描述符更少，种类更少，但比触觉条件下的标签更新颖。
