Effects of sodium perchlorate and exogenous L-thyroxine on growth, development and leptin signaling pathway of Bufo gargarizans tadpoles during metamorphosis.

Sodium perchlorate (NaClO) and exogenous L-thyroxine (T4), two kinds of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), mainly affect the circulating thyroid hormones, which regulate the initiation and rate of metamorphosis in amphibian. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential role of EDCs in regulating the development of tadpoles and leptin signaling pathway of liver during the metamorphosis of Bufo gargarizans. There was completely opposite result of average development stage of tadpoles and morphological parameters between the NaClO and T4 exposure groups. Histological analysis revealed that NaClO and T4 exposure both caused liver injury, such as the decreased size of hepatocytes, atrophy of nucleus, increased melanomacrophage centres and disappearance of hepatocyte membranes. In addition, the results of RT-qPCR revealed that NaClO treatment significantly inhibited the transcript levels of genes related to thyroid hormone (D2, TRα and TRβ) and leptin signaling pathway (LepR, JAK1, JAK2, and TYK2), while there was an increase of mRNA expression of these genes in the liver of tadpoles administrated with T4 compared with control. This work lays an important foundation for assessing the risk of EDCs in relation to amphibian development during metamorphosis.