Kartaram Shirley W, van Norren Klaske, Schoen Eric, Teunis Marc, Mensink Marco, Verschuren Martie, M'Rabet Laura, Besseling-van der Vaart Isolde, Mohrmann Karin, Wittink Harriet, Garssen Johan, Witkamp Renger, Pieters Raymond
Research Group Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Department of Nutritional Biology, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Front Physiol. 2020 Sep 4;11:1006. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01006. eCollection 2020.
Strenuous physical stress induces a range of physiological responses, the extent depending, among others, on the nature and severity of the exercise, a person's training level and overall physical resilience. This principle can also be used in an experimental set-up by measuring time-dependent changes in biomarkers for physiological processes. In a previous report, we described the effects of workload delivered on a bicycle ergometer on intestinal functionality. As a follow-up, we here describe an analysis of the kinetics of various other biomarkers.
To analyse the time-dependent changes of 34 markers for different metabolic and immunological processes, comparing four different exercise protocols and a rest protocol.
After determining individual maximum workloads, 15 healthy male participants (20-35 years) started with a rest protocol and subsequently performed (in a cross-over design with 1-week wash-out) four exercise protocols of 1-h duration at different intensities: 70% W in a hydrated and a mildly dehydrated state, 50% W and intermittent 85/55% W in blocks of 2 min. Perceived exertion was monitored using the Borg' Rating of Perceived Exertion scale. Blood samples were collected both before and during exercise, and at various timepoints up to 24 h afterward. Data was analyzed using a multilevel mixed linear model with multiple test correction.
Kinetic changes of various biomarkers were exercise-intensity-dependent. Biomarkers included parameters indicative of metabolic activity (e.g., creatinine, bicarbonate), immunological and hematological functionality (e.g., leukocytes, hemoglobin) and intestinal physiology (citrulline, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein, and zonulin). In general, responses to high intensity exercise of 70% W and intermittent exercise i.e., 55/85% W were more pronounced compared to exercise at 50% W .
High (70 and 55/85% W ) and moderate (50% W ) intensity exercise in a bicycle ergometer test produce different time-dependent changes in a broad range of parameters indicative of metabolic activity, immunological and hematological functionality and intestinal physiology. These parameters may be considered biomarkers of homeostatic resilience. Mild dehydration intensifies these time-related changes. Moderate intensity exercise of 50% W shows sufficient physiological and immunological responses and can be employed to test the health condition of less fit individuals.
剧烈的身体应激会引发一系列生理反应，其程度尤其取决于运动的性质和强度、个人的训练水平以及整体身体恢复能力。这一原理也可用于实验设置，通过测量生理过程生物标志物随时间的变化来实现。在之前的一份报告中，我们描述了自行车测力计施加的工作量对肠道功能的影响。作为后续研究，我们在此描述对其他各种生物标志物动力学的分析。
分析34种不同代谢和免疫过程标志物随时间的变化，比较四种不同的运动方案和一种休息方案。
在确定个体最大工作量后，15名健康男性参与者（20 - 35岁）先进行休息方案，随后（采用为期1周洗脱期的交叉设计）进行四种持续1小时、不同强度的运动方案：在水合状态和轻度脱水状态下的70%W ，50%W 以及2分钟一组的间歇性85/55%W 。使用伯格主观用力程度量表监测主观用力程度。在运动前、运动期间以及运动后长达24小时的不同时间点采集血样。使用具有多重检验校正的多级混合线性模型分析数据。
各种生物标志物的动力学变化取决于运动强度。生物标志物包括指示代谢活动的参数（如肌酐、碳酸氢盐）、免疫和血液学功能（如白细胞、血红蛋白）以及肠道生理学（瓜氨酸、肠道脂肪酸结合蛋白和闭合蛋白）。一般来说，与50%W 的运动相比，对70%W 的高强度运动和间歇性运动（即55/85%W ）的反应更为明显。
自行车测力计测试中的高强度（70%和55/85%W ）和中等强度（50%W ）运动在一系列指示代谢活动、免疫和血液学功能以及肠道生理学的参数中产生不同的时间依赖性变化。这些参数可被视为内稳态恢复能力的生物标志物。轻度脱水会加剧这些与时间相关的变化。50%W 的中等强度运动显示出足够的生理和免疫反应，可用于测试身体状况较差个体的健康状况。
