Pagliarosi Olivia, Picchio Vittorio, Chimenti Isotta, Messina Elisa, Gaetani Roberto
Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020 Sep 4;8:559032. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.559032. eCollection 2020.
The increased knowledge in cell signals and stem cell differentiation, together with the development of new technologies, such as 3D bioprinting, has made the generation of artificial tissues more feasible for studies and applications. In the human body, cell fate, function, and survival are determined by the microenvironment, a rich and complex network composed of extracellular matrix (ECM), different cell types, and soluble factors. They all interconnect and communicate, receiving and sending signals, modulating and responding to cues. In the cardiovascular field, the culture of stem cells and their differentiation into cardiac phenotypes is well established, although differentiated cardiomyocytes often lack the functional maturation and structural organization typical of the adult myocardium. The recreation of an artificial microenvironment as similar as possible to the native tissue, though, has been shown to partly overcome these limitations, and can be obtained through the proper combination of ECM molecules, different cell types, bioavailability of growth factors (GFs), as well as appropriate mechanical and geometrical stimuli. This review will focus on the role of the ECM in the regulation of cardiac differentiation, will provide new insights on the role of supporting cells in the generation of 3D artificial tissues, and will also present a selection of the latest approaches to recreate a cardiac microenvironment through 3D bioprinting approaches.
细胞信号和干细胞分化方面知识的增加，以及诸如3D生物打印等新技术的发展，使得人工组织的生成在研究和应用中变得更加可行。在人体中，细胞命运、功能和存活由微环境决定，微环境是一个由细胞外基质（ECM）、不同细胞类型和可溶性因子组成的丰富而复杂的网络。它们相互连接和通信，接收和发送信号，调节并响应各种线索。在心血管领域，干细胞的培养及其向心脏表型的分化已得到充分确立，尽管分化的心肌细胞通常缺乏成年心肌典型的功能成熟和结构组织。然而，重建尽可能类似于天然组织的人工微环境已被证明可以部分克服这些限制，并且可以通过ECM分子、不同细胞类型、生长因子（GFs）的生物可用性以及适当的机械和几何刺激的适当组合来实现。本综述将重点关注ECM在心脏分化调节中的作用，将提供关于支持细胞在3D人工组织生成中的作用的新见解，还将介绍通过3D生物打印方法重建心脏微环境的一些最新方法。
