Lineage-specific evolution of mangrove plastid genomes.

Mangroves is an umbrella term for plants located across the tropics and sub-tropics that live in the coastal region, between the sea and the land. All mangroves evolved from terrestrial plants, providing the opportunity to assess convergence, as well as the lineage-specific features, at the genetic level. In this study, we compared chloroplast genomes from 21 mangrove species, covering main phylogenetic clades. We demonstrate that chloroplast gene order, content, and genome size is largely conserved in mangroves. The exceptions are loss of the photosystem I gene psaZ in Acanthus ilicifolius and inversion of the ribosomal protein gene rpl23 in Avicennia germinans. The repeat content of mangrove chloroplast varied between species, but was conserved within species of the same order. Sequence diversity analysis revealed that the IR (invert repeat) region was highly conserved compared to the SC (single-copy) region in most phylogenetic clades, except clade core leptosporangiates (ferns). The ribosomal protein gene rps7 was under positive selection in Kandelia obovato, Rhizophora stylosa, Bruguiera sexangular and Rhizophora mangle, a monophyletic branch of clade fabids, while no evidence of positive selection was found in other mangrove lineages. Taken together, our data suggests that convergent evolutionary dynamics leaves no significant signal on the plastid genome of mangroves. The complete chloroplast genomes provided in this study shed light on the evolution of these important plastids and provides a valuable resource for further research efforts.