Informed consent in children and adolescents.

Confusion persists about when a minor can give informed consent to medical treatment. Physicians may be hesitant to treat minors, even as adolescents, without first obtaining parental or guardian consent for fear of being sued for battery or negligence. However, the common law in Canada is clear that a minor can give informed consent to therapeutic medical treatment, provided heorshe can understand the information regarding the proposed treatment and can appreciate the attendant risks and possible consequences. Courts have accepted that there is no precise age at which a minor can be presumed to have the capacity to give informed consent. Each minor must be individually assessed to determine whether he or she possesses the requisite maturity and level of understanding to comprehend the nature, benefits and risks of the proposed treatment. The responsibility for determining a minor's capacity rests with the physician or another health care provider who is seeking to obtain the informed consent. In the event that legal action is taken against the physician on the grounds the minor lacked the capacity to give informed consent, the court must be satisfied that the minor did have sufficient capacity. Examples of cases where the physician was sued by either the minor or the minor's parents are included. In addition, an overview of existing provincial legislation dealing with minors and informed consent is provided.