Long term toxicity of intracranial germ cell tumor treatment in adolescents and young adults.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study is to describe the long-term toxicities of intracranial germ cell tumor (IGCT) in the adolescent and young adult (AYA) population.

METHODS

We report late toxicities of a multi-center cohort of AYA patients treated for IGCT between 1975 and 2015. Charts were retrospectively reviewed for hormone deficiency, ototoxicity, seizure disorder, visual deterioration, cerebrovascular events, second neoplasm, psychiatric illness, and neurocognitive impairment. Statistical analysis was performed for late toxicities to evaluate the influence of select factors.

RESULTS

Our patient cohort included 112 patients with IGCTs; 84% of patients had a germinoma as opposed to a non-germinomatous germ cell tumor (NGGCT), median age at radiotherapy (RT) was 19 years, and median follow-up was 8.3 years. Of the 94 patients with germinoma, 32 (34%) received both chemotherapy and RT as part of their upfront treatment, while 62 (66%) received RT alone. All 18 patients with NGGCT received chemotherapy and RT. The most common late toxicity following IGCT treatments was physician-reported neurocognitive impairment, with a 10-year cumulative incidence (CI) of 38.5%. Ten-year CI of treatment-induced ototoxicity was 39.2% for patients who received cisplatin, compared to 3.6% for those who received carboplatin but no cisplatin (p < 0.005). Suprasellar/hypothalamic tumor location was associated with 10-year CI of treatment-induced hormone deficiency (36.1 vs 6.2%, p < 0.005).

CONCLUSIONS

A significant proportion of AYAs treated for IGCTs experience late effects from treatment, including neurocognitive impairment, ototoxicity, and hormone deficiency. Suprasellar/hypothalamic tumor location and cisplatin were associated with a higher risk of treatment-induced hormone deficiency and ototoxicity, respectively.