Al-Toubah Taymeyah, Cives Mauro, Strosberg Jonathan
Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Oct 5;5:54. doi: 10.21037/tgh.2019.12.18. eCollection 2020.
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) are a heterogeneous family of neoplasms. Well-differentiated tumors are often slow growing and characterized by low tumor mutational burden. Poorly differentiated NECs are aggressive, with an increased mutational burden and higher propensity to express PD-L1. While the therapeutic landscape for neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) has evolved substantially over the past decade, immunotherapy has been unexplored in NENs until recently. Checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 agents, bi-specific tumor-targeting antibodies, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy are examples of treatments that have demonstrated efficacy in other cancers and have recently been investigated in NENs. This review examines the immune landscape of NENs in detail, summarizes recent clinical study results, and discusses potential future directions for immunotherapy.
神经内分泌肿瘤（NETs）和神经内分泌癌（NECs）是一组异质性肿瘤。高分化肿瘤通常生长缓慢，其特征是肿瘤突变负荷低。低分化NECs具有侵袭性，突变负荷增加，且表达PD-L1的倾向更高。虽然在过去十年中神经内分泌肿瘤（NENs）的治疗格局有了很大发展，但直到最近免疫疗法在NENs中仍未得到探索。诸如抗PD-1和抗CTLA-4药物等检查点抑制剂、双特异性肿瘤靶向抗体以及嵌合抗原受体（CAR）T细胞疗法等治疗方法在其他癌症中已证明有效，最近也在NENs中进行了研究。本综述详细研究了NENs的免疫格局，总结了近期临床研究结果，并讨论了免疫疗法未来的潜在方向。
