In Situ Hybridization Techniques in the Homoscleromorph Sponge Oscarella lobularis.

The Porifera are one of the best candidates as the sister group to all other metazoans. Studies on this phylum are therefore expected to shed light on the origin and early evolution of key animal features. Transcriptomic or genomic data acquired during the last 10 years have highlighted the conservation of most of the main genes and pathways involved in the development of the other metazoans. The next step is to determine how similar genetic tool boxes can result in widely dissimilar body plan organization, dynamics, and life histories. To answer these questions, three main axes of research are necessary: (1) conducting more gene expression studies; (2) developing knockdown protocols; and (3) reinterpreting sponge cell biology using modern tools. In this chapter we focus on the in situ hybridization (ISH) technique, needed to establish the spatiotemporal expression of genes, both on whole mount individuals and paraffin sections, and at different stages of development (adults, embryos, larvae, buds) of the homoscleromorph sponge Oscarella lobularis.