United States Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2020 Dec;20(12):888-896. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2625. Epub 2020 Oct 19.
Plague originated in Asia as a flea-borne zoonosis of mammalian hosts. Today, the disease is distributed nearly worldwide. In western United States of America, plague is maintained, transmitted, and amplified in diverse communities of rodents and fleas. We examined flea diversity on three species of prairie dogs ( spp., PDs) and six species of sympatric small rodents in Montana and Utah, United States of America. Among 2896 fleas, 19 species were identified; 13 were found on PDs and 9 were found on small rodents. In Montana, three flea species were found on PDs; the three species parasitize PDs and mice. In Utah, 12 flea species were found on PDs; the 12 species parasitize PDs, mice, voles, chipmunks, ground squirrels, rock squirrels, and marmots. Diverse flea communities and their willingness to parasitize many types of hosts, across multiple seasons and habitats, may favor plague maintenance and transmission. Flea parasitism on deer mice varied directly with elevation. Fleas are prone to desiccation, and might prosper at higher, mesic elevations; in addition, nest characteristics may vary with elevation. Effective management of plague is critical. Plague management is probably most effective when encompassing communities of rodents and fleas. Treatment of PD burrows with 0.05% deltamethrin dust, which suppressed fleas on PDs for >365 days, suppressed fleas on small rodents for at least 58 days. At one site, deltamethrin suppressed fleas on small rodents for at least 383 days. By simultaneously suppressing fleas on PDs and small rodents, deltamethrin should promote ecosystem resilience and One Health objectives.
鼠疫源于亚洲，是一种由哺乳动物宿主跳蚤传播的人畜共患病。如今，这种疾病几乎在全球范围内都有分布。在美国西部，鼠疫在不同的啮齿动物和跳蚤群落中维持、传播和加剧。我们研究了美国蒙大拿州和犹他州三种草原犬鼠（ spp.，PDs）和六种共生小型啮齿动物身上的跳蚤多样性。在 2896 只跳蚤中，鉴定出 19 个种；其中 13 种在 PDs 上发现，9 种在小型啮齿动物上发现。在蒙大拿州，有 3 种跳蚤寄生在 PDs 上；这 3 种跳蚤既寄生在 PDs 上，也寄生在老鼠身上。在犹他州，有 12 种跳蚤寄生在 PDs 上；这 12 种跳蚤既寄生在 PDs 上，也寄生在老鼠、田鼠、花栗鼠、地松鼠、岩松鼠和旱獭身上。多样的跳蚤群落及其愿意在多个季节和栖息地寄生多种宿主，可能有利于鼠疫的维持和传播。鹿鼠身上的跳蚤寄生率与海拔直接相关。跳蚤容易干燥，在较高、较湿润的海拔高度可能会更繁荣；此外，巢的特征可能随海拔而变化。有效的鼠疫管理至关重要。当涵盖啮齿动物和跳蚤群落时，鼠疫管理可能最有效。用 0.05%氯菊酯粉尘处理 PD 洞穴，可抑制 PDs 上的跳蚤超过 365 天，抑制小型啮齿动物上的跳蚤至少 58 天。在一个地点，氯菊酯抑制小型啮齿动物上的跳蚤至少 383 天。通过同时抑制 PDs 和小型啮齿动物上的跳蚤，氯菊酯应该促进生态系统的恢复力和 One Health 目标。
