Dzhalilova Dzhuliia, Makarova Olga
Department of Immunomorphology of Inflammation, Federal State Budgetary Institution 'Research Institute of Human Morphology', Moscow 117418, Russia.
Biomedicines. 2020 Oct 18;8(10):428. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines8100428.
Hypoxia plays an important role in the development of many infectious, inflammatory, and tumor diseases. The predisposition to such disorders is mostly provided by differences in basic tolerance to oxygen deficiency, which we discuss in this review. Except the direct exposure of different-severity hypoxia in decompression chambers or in highland conditions, there are no alternative methods for determining organism tolerance. Due to the variability of the detection methods, differences in many parameters between tolerant and susceptible organisms are still not well-characterized, but some of them can serve as biomarkers of susceptibility to hypoxia. At the moment, several potential biomarkers in conditions after hypoxic exposure have been identified both in experimental animals and humans. The main potential biomarkers are Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-1, Heat-Shock Protein 70 (HSP70), and NO. Due to the different mechanisms of various high-altitude diseases, biomarkers may not be highly specific and universal. Therefore, it is extremely important to conduct research on hypoxia susceptibility biomarkers. Moreover, it is important to develop a method for the evaluation of organisms' basic hypoxia tolerance without the necessity of any oxygen deficiency exposure. This can contribute to new personalized medicine approaches' development for diagnostics and the treatment of inflammatory and tumor diseases, taking into account hypoxia tolerance differences.
缺氧在许多感染性、炎症性和肿瘤性疾病的发展过程中起着重要作用。此类疾病的易感性大多由对缺氧的基础耐受性差异所致，我们将在本综述中对此进行讨论。除了在减压舱或高原环境中直接暴露于不同程度的缺氧外，尚无其他确定机体耐受性的方法。由于检测方法的多样性，耐受性和易感性生物体之间许多参数的差异仍未得到充分表征，但其中一些参数可作为缺氧易感性的生物标志物。目前，在实验动物和人类中均已确定了缺氧暴露后条件下的几种潜在生物标志物。主要的潜在生物标志物是缺氧诱导因子（HIF）-1、热休克蛋白70（HSP70）和一氧化氮（NO）。由于各种高原疾病的机制不同，生物标志物可能并非高度特异性和通用的。因此，开展缺氧易感性生物标志物的研究极为重要。此外，开发一种无需任何缺氧暴露即可评估机体基础缺氧耐受性的方法也很重要。这有助于考虑缺氧耐受性差异，开发用于诊断和治疗炎症性和肿瘤性疾病的新型个性化医学方法。
