Gaddam Shiva Jashwanth, Bicer Fuat, Chesnut Gregory T.
LSU Health Shreveport
The Ohio State University
Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy in men aged 15 to 45 years and represents one of the most common curable malignancies when identified promptly and treated with a multimodal approach. It represents 1% of male tumors and 5% of urological malignancies. The incidence of testicular cancer has been increasing over recent years, gaining increased significance due to the long impact both the disease and its treatment can have over the course of a patient's life. Testicular cancer incidence has doubled over the past 40 years. With effective management, the prognosis is excellent with >90% cure rate and >95% five-year survival rate. Complex environmental and genetic factors are involved in the development of testicular cancer; common risk factors include cryptorchidism, family history of testicular cancer, personal history of testicular cancer in the contralateral testis, age, and ethnicity. Initial evaluation includes history and physical examination, tumor marker assessment, and scrotal ultrasound. Once a solid intratesticular tumor is identified, radical inguinal orchiectomy is performed both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Tumor staging guides further management with options including active surveillance, chemotherapy, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, and radiation therapy.
睾丸癌是15至45岁男性中最常见的恶性肿瘤，若能及时确诊并采用多模式方法治疗，它是最常见的可治愈恶性肿瘤之一。它占男性肿瘤的1%，泌尿系统恶性肿瘤的5%。近年来，睾丸癌的发病率一直在上升，由于这种疾病及其治疗方法在患者一生中可能产生的长期影响，其重要性日益凸显。在过去40年里，睾丸癌的发病率翻了一番。通过有效的管理，其预后极佳，治愈率超过90%，五年生存率超过95%。复杂的环境和遗传因素与睾丸癌的发生有关；常见的风险因素包括隐睾症、睾丸癌家族史、对侧睾丸有睾丸癌个人史、年龄和种族。初步评估包括病史和体格检查、肿瘤标志物评估以及阴囊超声检查。一旦发现睾丸内实性肿瘤，需进行根治性腹股沟睾丸切除术，兼具诊断和治疗目的。肿瘤分期指导进一步的治疗，治疗选择包括主动监测、化疗、腹膜后淋巴结清扫术和放射治疗。
