Temperatures and storage conditions in domestic refrigerators - Slovenian scenario.

Cold chain maintaining is least stable at its end, where domestic storage often represents one of the most critical links because of storage time and inappropriate temperatures, increasing the risk of food-borne outbreaks in domestic households. Considering the time-temperature profile of refrigerators as a food safety indicator, the purpose of this study is to gain insight into refrigeration temperatures in parallel with refrigerator and household characteristics that could potentially influence the refrigeration temperatures. During a 24 h period in 15-min intervals, internal temperature of the test product, refrigerator air and ambient air temperatures were measured with one penetration and two air probes coupled with a data logger. The internal temperature of the test product was measured with pre-prepared "Karlsruhe Test Material", which had thermal properties similar to those of lean beef. Refrigerator and household characteristics were collected with a predefined observational sheet and short, structured questionnaire. In total, 50 households and their refrigerators were included. Gaps related to the cold storage and cross-contamination were observed. Temperature displays were present in 16% while control thermometers were not observed at all; 20% of the refrigerators enabled 24 h average internal temperature lower than 4 °C, 30% between 4 and 6 °C and 50% over 6 °C. Refrigerator age, type and load were observed but had no significant impact, which suggests thermostat setting as a key factor influencing refrigerator temperatures. Food distribution inside refrigerators was related to the refrigerator load with significant risk for cross-contamination in overpacked refrigerators. High temperatures combined with a non-systematic distribution of food in the refrigerator, expired dates of durability, and non-systematic cleaning strategies allow favourable preconditions for food infections occurring at the end of the food supply chain. Tailored acceleration of existing food safety messages could and should help consumers to minimise food safety risks, improve food quality, and reduce food wastage.