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用亲核试剂和布朗斯特碱挑战复分解催化剂:研究最先进的钌卡宾催化剂对胺攻击的稳定性。

Challenging Metathesis Catalysts with Nucleophiles and Brønsted Base: Examining the Stability of State-of-the-Art Ruthenium Carbene Catalysts to Attack by Amines.

作者信息

Nascimento Daniel L, Reim Immanuel, Foscato Marco, Jensen Vidar R, Fogg Deryn E

机构信息

Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5.

Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway.

出版信息

ACS Catal. 2020 Oct 2;10(19):11623-11633. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02760. Epub 2020 Sep 8.

Abstract

Critical to advancing the uptake of olefin metathesis in leading contexts, including pharmaceutical manufacturing, is identification of highly active catalysts that resist decomposition. Amines constitute an aggressive challenge to ruthenium metathesis catalysts. Examined here is the impact of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), morpholine, -butylamine, and triethylamine on Ru metathesis catalysts that represent the current state of the art, including cyclic alkyl amino carbene (CAAC) and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes. Accordingly, the amine-tolerance of the nitro-Grela catalyst RuCl(HIMes)(=CHAr) (; Ar = CH-2-O Pr-5-NO) is compared with that of its CAAC analogues and , and the Hoveyda-class catalyst RuCl()(=CHAr') (Ar' = CH-2-O Pr). In , the carbene carbon is flanked by an -2,6-EtCH group and a CMePh quaternary carbon; in , by an -2- Pr-6-MeCH group and a CMe quaternary carbon. The impact of 1 equiv amine per Ru on turnover numbers (TONs) in ring-closing metathesis of diethyl diallylmalonate was assessed at 9 ppm Ru, at RT and 70 °C. The deleterious impact of amines followed the trend NEt ∼ NH Bu ≪ DBU ∼ morpholine. Morpholine is shown to decompose by nucleophilic abstraction of the methylidene ligand; DBU, by proton abstraction from the metallacyclobutane. Decomposition was minimized at 70 °C, at which enabled TONs of ca. 60 000 even in the presence of morpholine or DBU, vs ca. 80 000 in the absence of base. Unexpectedly, HIMes catalyst delivered 70-90% of the performance of at high temperatures, and underwent decomposition by Brønsted base at a similar rate. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis shows that this similarity is due to comparable net electron donation by the HIMes and ligands. Catalysts bearing the smaller ligand were comparatively insensitive to amines, owing to rapid, preferential bimolecular decomposition.

摘要

在包括制药制造在内的前沿领域推动烯烃复分解反应的应用,关键在于识别出能抗分解的高活性催化剂。胺类对钌复分解催化剂构成了严峻挑战。本文研究了1,8 - 二氮杂双环[5.4.0]十一碳 - 7 - 烯(DBU)、吗啉、丁胺和三乙胺对代表当前技术水平的钌复分解催化剂的影响,这些催化剂包括环状烷基氨基卡宾(CAAC)和N - 杂环卡宾(NHC)配合物。因此,将硝基 - 格雷拉催化剂RuCl(HIMes)(=CHAr)(;Ar = CH - 2 - O - Pr - 5 - NO)与其CAAC类似物 和 的胺耐受性进行了比较,以及与霍维达类催化剂RuCl()(=CHAr') (Ar' = CH - 2 - O - Pr)进行比较。在 中,卡宾碳两侧分别是 - 2,6 - EtCH基团和CMePh季碳;在 中,两侧分别是 - 2 - Pr - 6 - MeCH基团和CMe季碳。在9 ppm Ru、室温及70 °C条件下,评估了每摩尔钌1当量胺对二乙基二烯丙基丙二酸酯闭环复分解反应中周转数(TONs)的影响。胺的有害影响遵循以下趋势:NEt ∼ NH - Bu ≪ DBU ∼ 吗啉。结果表明,吗啉通过亲核夺取亚甲基配体使 分解;DBU则通过从金属环丁烷夺取质子使其分解。在70 °C时分解最小化,在此温度下,即使存在吗啉或DBU, 仍能实现约60000的TONs,而在无碱存在时约为80000。出乎意料的是,HIMes催化剂 在高温下表现出 的70 - 90%的性能,并且以相似的速率被布朗斯特碱分解。密度泛函理论(DFT)分析表明,这种相似性是由于HIMes和 配体的净电子给予量相当。带有较小 配体的催化剂对胺相对不敏感,这是由于快速、优先的双分子分解。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/8019/7587145/cabe3f9ccd47/cs0c02760_0002.jpg

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