Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 1547, North Kargar Ave, Tehran, 1417993359, Iran.
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Jan;28(3):2608-2625. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-11199-9. Epub 2020 Nov 2.
Every year, almost eight million people die from tobacco-related diseases, among which around 1.2 million die from secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Generally, it is estimated that SHS constituents generated in the interval between puffs are approximately 3 times more toxic than those produced at the moment of puffing. There is no risk-free level of SHS exposure, and even brief exposure can be harmful to health. The aim of this study was to assess SHS exposure and its trend in the different provinces of Iran from 1990 to 2013. To collect available data on SHS exposure, a systematic review was performed. We searched international and national databases using a combination of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and relevant text words in the titles, abstracts, and/or keywords. Also, the data in national surveys were gathered. The frequency of exposure in different provinces as well as age, sex, and rural/urban areas were extracted. Afterwards, modeling was done to estimate SHS exposure from the smoking data. According to our findings, SHS exposure was more prevalent among young people. Moreover, this exposure was greater in rural areas as compared to urban areas. A national study on 13-15-year-old individuals showed the highest exposure occurred outdoors. In addition, a declining trend was observed on SHS exposure over time. It seems that attention to the importance of SHS exposure in researches in Iran dates back to 2001, and gradually, especially in recent years, further studies have been conducted on SHS exposure.
每年，有近 800 万人死于与烟草相关的疾病，其中约有 120 万人死于二手烟（SHS）暴露。一般来说，据估计，在两口烟之间产生的 SHS 成分比在吸烟时产生的毒性高约 3 倍。没有 SHS 暴露的安全水平，即使是短暂的暴露也可能对健康有害。本研究旨在评估 1990 年至 2013 年伊朗不同省份的 SHS 暴露及其趋势。为了收集有关 SHS 暴露的可用数据，进行了系统评价。我们使用医学主题词 (MeSH) 和标题、摘要和/或关键字中的相关文本词的组合，在国际和国家数据库中进行了搜索。此外，还收集了国家调查的数据。提取了不同省份的暴露频率以及年龄、性别和农村/城市地区的数据。然后，根据吸烟数据进行建模以估计 SHS 暴露。根据我们的发现，年轻人的 SHS 暴露更为普遍。此外，与城市地区相比，农村地区的暴露更为严重。一项针对 13-15 岁青少年的全国性研究表明，室外的暴露最高。此外，随着时间的推移，SHS 暴露呈下降趋势。似乎伊朗对 SHS 暴露重要性的研究可以追溯到 2001 年，并且逐渐地，特别是在最近几年，对 SHS 暴露的研究也在不断增加。
