Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.
Environ Int. 2021 Apr;149:105775. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105775. Epub 2020 Nov 20.
Tobacco presence in outdoor children's playgrounds is concerning not only because it leads to secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, but also cigarette butt pollution and tobacco normalization.
This study aimed to assess SHS exposure in children's playgrounds, according to area-level socioeconomic status (SES), smoke-free regulations, national smoking prevalence, and SHS exposure prevalence in playgrounds (2017-2018).
We monitored vapor-phase nicotine concentration and tobacco-related variables in 20 different playgrounds in 11 European countries (n = 220 measurements) from March 2017 to April 2018. Playgrounds were selected according to area-level SES. Data on the number of people smoking, and cigarette butts inside the playground and on playground surroundings (<1 m away) were recorded. Playground smoking bans, the Tobacco Control Scale (TCS) score, national smoking prevalence and SHS exposure prevalence in playgrounds were used to group countries. To determine nicotine presence, we dichotomized concentrations using the limit of quantification as a cut-off point (0.06 μg/m). Nicotine median concentrations were compared using non-parametric tests, and nicotine presence and tobacco-related observational variables using the Chi-squared test.
Airborne nicotine presence was found in 40.6% of the playgrounds. Median nicotine concentration was <0.06 μg/m (Interquartile range: <0.06-0.125) and higher median concentrations were found in more deprived neighborhoods, non-regulated playgrounds, in countries with lower overall TCS scores, higher national smoking prevalence and higher SHS exposure prevalence in playgrounds. Overall, people were smoking in 19.6% of the playgrounds. More than half of playgrounds had cigarette butts visible inside (56.6%) and in the immediate vicinity (74.4%). Presence of butts inside playgrounds was higher in sites from a low area-level SES, in countries with low TCS scores, and greater smoking prevalence and SHS exposure prevalence (p<0.05).
There is evidence of SHS exposure in children's playgrounds across Europe. These findings confirm the need for smoking bans in playgrounds and better enforcement in those countries with smoking bans in playgrounds.
户外儿童游乐场存在烟草不仅会导致二手烟（SHS）暴露，还会造成烟头污染和烟草正常化，这令人担忧。
本研究旨在根据地区社会经济地位（SES）、无烟规定、全国吸烟流行率以及游乐场 SHS 暴露流行率（2017-2018 年）评估儿童游乐场的 SHS 暴露情况。
我们于 2017 年 3 月至 2018 年 4 月在欧洲 11 个国家的 20 个不同游乐场监测气相尼古丁浓度和与烟草相关的变量（n=220 次测量）。根据地区 SES 选择游乐场。记录在游乐场内部和周围（<1 米远处）的吸烟人数和烟头数量。将各国分为禁止在游乐场吸烟、烟草控制评分（TCS）得分、全国吸烟流行率和游乐场 SHS 暴露流行率。为确定尼古丁的存在，我们将浓度使用定量极限作为截止点（0.06μg/m）进行二分法。使用非参数检验比较尼古丁中位数浓度，并使用卡方检验比较尼古丁存在和与烟草相关的观察变量。
发现 40.6%的游乐场空气中存在尼古丁。尼古丁中位数浓度<0.06μg/m（四分位距：<0.06-0.125），在较贫困社区、未受监管的游乐场、TCS 总评分较低、全国吸烟流行率较高和游乐场 SHS 暴露流行率较高的国家，中位数浓度较高。总体而言，有 19.6%的游乐场有人在吸烟。超过一半的游乐场内部（56.6%）和附近（74.4%）可见烟头。来自较低地区 SES 的场地、TCS 评分较低的国家以及吸烟和 SHS 暴露流行率较高的国家，场内有烟头的情况更为常见（p<0.05）。
欧洲各地的儿童游乐场都有 SHS 暴露的证据。这些发现证实了需要在游乐场禁烟，并在有游乐场禁烟规定的国家加强执行。
