Exercise & Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation. Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
Exercise & Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation. Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
Steroids. 2020 Dec;164:108753. doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108753. Epub 2020 Oct 24.
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are testosterone and testosterone-derivative compounds sporadically employed by athletes and increasingly used recreationally to acquire a competitive edge or improve body composition. Nevertheless, users are subject to undesired side effects majorly associated with tissue-specific androgen receptor (AR) binding-mediated actions. More recently, selective AR modulators (SARMs) have gained popularity towards delivering androgen-associated anabolic actions with hopes of minimal androgenic effects. While several SARMs are in preclinical and clinical phases intended for demographics subject to hypogonadism, muscle wasting, and osteoporosis, several athletic organizations and drug testing affiliates have realized the increasingly widespread use of SARMs amongst competitors and have subsequently banned their use. Furthermore, recreational users are haphazardly acquiring these compounds from the internet and consuming doses several times greater than empirically reported. Unfortunately, online sources are rife with potential contamination, despite a prevailing public opinion suggesting SARMs are innocuous AAS alternatives. Considering each agent has a broad range of supporting evidence in both human and non-human models, it is important to comprehensively evaluate the current literature on commercially available SARMs to gain better understanding of their efficacy and if they can truly be considered a safer AAS alternative. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss the current evidence regarding AAS and SARM mechanisms of action, demonstrate the efficacy of several prominent SARMs in a variety of scientific trials, and theorize on the wide-ranging contraindications and potential deleterious effects, as well as potential future directions regarding acute and chronic SARM use across a broad range of demographics.
合成代谢雄激素类固醇（AAS）是睾酮和睾酮衍生化合物，偶尔被运动员使用，并越来越多地被娱乐性使用，以获得竞争优势或改善身体成分。然而，使用者会出现与组织特异性雄激素受体（AR）结合介导的作用相关的不良副作用。最近，选择性雄激素受体调节剂（SARMs）越来越受欢迎，希望能提供与雄激素相关的合成代谢作用，而雄激素作用最小。虽然有几种 SARMs 处于针对性腺功能减退、肌肉减少症和骨质疏松症的人群的临床前和临床阶段，但一些运动组织和药物测试机构已经意识到，SARMs 在竞争者中的使用越来越广泛，并随后禁止了它们的使用。此外，娱乐性使用者从互联网上随意获取这些化合物，并服用的剂量比经验报告的剂量高出数倍。不幸的是，尽管普遍存在一种观点认为 SARMs 是无害的 AAS 替代品，但在线资源仍然存在潜在的污染问题。考虑到每个药物在人类和非人类模型中都有广泛的支持证据，全面评估商业上可用的 SARMs 的现有文献，以更好地了解它们的疗效，并确定它们是否真的可以被认为是更安全的 AAS 替代品，这一点非常重要。因此，本综述的目的是讨论关于 AAS 和 SARM 作用机制的现有证据，展示几种著名的 SARMs 在各种科学试验中的疗效，并推测它们广泛的禁忌症和潜在的有害影响，以及关于广泛的人群中急性和慢性 SARM 使用的潜在未来方向。
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