Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Environ Pollut. 2021 Jan 1;268(Pt A):115351. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115351. Epub 2020 Aug 9.
We investigated the spatio-temporal trends of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) deposition in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) between 2008 and 2017, and applied source apportionment tools to assess sources using snowpacks. Estimated PAC mass deposition was significantly correlated with crude oil production (R = 0.48, p = 0.03), and increased between 2008 and 2017. Loadings of alkylated PACs c1-, c2-fluorenes/pyrenes and c1-, c3-benzo[a]anthracenes/chrysenes/triphenylenes significantly increased at mid-field sites (25-50 km from central industrial reference site, AR6) (Mann-Kendall, p < 0.05) reflecting physical expansion of the AOSR. The distance from emission sources was important in the deposition of PACs, including the distance from AR6 (R = 0.69-0.91), nearest petcoke storage (R = 0.77-0.88), 0.89) and upgrader stack (R = 0.56-0.61). Source apportionment PAC distribution profiles of the source materials (petcokes, oil sand ores, road dust) did not show unique matching profiles with the snowpacks. However, the minimal presence of retene in petcokes and an abundance of benzo[ghi]fluoranthene in road dust was observed, and suggests potential for these compounds as chemical markers in distinguishing sources. Furthermore, correlations between PACs and selected metal(loid)s in the AOSR snowpacks were assessed to infer potential common sources. Significant positive (p < 0.05) correlations between metal(loid)s enriched in bitumen (vanadium, molybdenum, nickel) and PACs, at near to mid-field (0-50 km from AR6) sites suggests common sources or similar transfer and fate processes. The results of our study convey data necessary for monitoring studies in the constantly developing AOSR, advance our knowledge of PACs profiles in source materials (including the much less studied alkylated PACs and dibenzothiophenes), which will be valuable for other studies related to oil pollution, urban run-off and forest fires. PACs mass deposition increasing between 2008 and 2017 coincident with crude oil production, and retene and benzo[ghi]fluoranthene show potential in distinguishing AOSR sources.
我们研究了 2008 年至 2017 年间亚伯达油砂区（AOSR）多环芳烃（PACs）沉积的时空趋势，并应用源分配工具利用积雪评估来源。估计的 PAC 质量沉积与原油产量呈显著相关（R=0.48，p=0.03），并在 2008 年至 2017 年间增加。烷基化 PACs c1-、c2-芴/蒽和 c1-、c3-苯并[a]蒽/荧蒽/三苯并[a，c，h]蒽的负荷在中场（距中心工业参考点 AR6 25-50 公里）显著增加（Mann-Kendall，p<0.05），反映了 AOSR 的物理扩张。排放源的距离对 PACs 的沉积很重要，包括距 AR6 的距离（R=0.69-0.91）、最近的石油焦储存（R=0.77-0.88）、0.89）和升级器堆栈（R=0.56-0.61）。源分配 PAC 分布谱（石油焦、油砂矿石、道路粉尘）与积雪没有显示出独特的匹配谱。然而，在石油焦中发现了少量的雷藤，而在道路粉尘中发现了大量的苯并[ghi]荧蒽，这表明这些化合物可能作为区分来源的化学标记。此外，还评估了 AOSR 积雪中 PACs 与选定金属（类金属）之间的相关性，以推断潜在的共同来源。在近场（距 AR6 0-50 公里）和中场站点，沥青中富集的金属（类金属）（钒、钼、镍）与 PACs 之间存在显著正相关（p<0.05），表明存在共同来源或类似的迁移和归宿过程。我们的研究结果传达了在不断发展的 AOSR 中进行监测研究所需的数据，提高了我们对源材料中 PACs 分布的认识（包括研究较少的烷基化 PACs 和二苯并噻吩），这对于与石油污染、城市径流和森林火灾有关的其他研究将是有价值的。2008 年至 2017 年间，PAC 质量沉积随着原油产量的增加而增加，雷藤和苯并[ghi]荧蒽在区分 AOSR 来源方面具有潜力。
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