有和没有障碍物的掩蔽运动预测。
Predictions from masked motion with and without obstacles.
机构信息
Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States of America.
Cognitive Science Department, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
出版信息
PLoS One. 2020 Nov 6;15(11):e0239839. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239839. eCollection 2020.
Predicting the future is essential for organisms like Homo sapiens, who live in a dynamic and ever-changing world. Previous research has established that conscious stimuli can lead to non-conscious predictions. Here we examine whether masked stimuli can also induce such predictions. We use masked movement-with and without obstacles-to examine predictions from masked stimuli. In six experiments a moving object was masked using continuous flash suppression (CFS). A few hundred milliseconds after the object had disappeared, a conscious probe appeared in a location that was either consistent with the masked stimulus or not. In Experiments 1-3 the movement was linear, and reaction times (RTs) indicated predictions that were based on direction and speed of movement. In Experiment 4, the masked moving object collided with an obstacle and then disappeared. Predictions in this case should reflect deflection, and indeed reaction times revealed predictions on the deflection route. In Experiments 5 and 6 we introduce an innovative way of using eye-tracking during continuous flash suppression (CFS) and report physiological evidence-in the forms of eye-movements-for masked stimuli induced predictions. We thus conclude that humans can use dynamic masked stimuli to generate active predictions about the future, and use these predictions to guide behavior. We also discuss the possible interpretations of these findings in light of the current scientific discussion regarding the relation between masked presentation, subliminal perception and awareness measurement methods.
预测未来对于人类这样生活在动态和不断变化的世界中的生物至关重要。先前的研究已经证实,有意识的刺激可以导致无意识的预测。在这里,我们研究了掩蔽刺激是否也能引起这种预测。我们使用掩蔽的运动(有和没有障碍物)来检验掩蔽刺激的预测。在六个实验中,使用连续闪光抑制(CFS)来掩蔽移动的物体。在物体消失几百毫秒后,一个有意识的探针出现在与掩蔽刺激一致或不一致的位置。在实验 1-3 中,运动是线性的,反应时间(RT)表明预测是基于运动的方向和速度。在实验 4 中,掩蔽的移动物体与障碍物碰撞后消失。在这种情况下的预测应该反映出偏斜,而事实上反应时间揭示了对偏斜路径的预测。在实验 5 和 6 中,我们采用了一种创新的方法,即在连续闪光抑制(CFS)期间使用眼动追踪,并报告了生理证据——以眼动的形式——表明掩蔽刺激引起了预测。因此,我们得出结论,人类可以使用动态掩蔽刺激来对未来产生主动预测,并利用这些预测来指导行为。我们还根据当前关于掩蔽呈现、潜意识知觉和意识测量方法之间关系的科学讨论,讨论了这些发现的可能解释。
相似文献
Conscious Cogn. 2013-10-25
引用本文的文献
本文引用的文献
Trends Cogn Sci. 2019-4
Elife. 2019-2-8
Trends Cogn Sci. 2018-11
J Neurosci. 2018-7-9
J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2018-4-1
Front Psychol. 2018-1-9
J Exp Psychol Gen. 2018-2
Trends Cogn Sci. 2017-7-6