Distinctiveness and priority in free recall of words.

Participants recalled low- and high-priority words varying in distinctiveness in three experiments. Word priority was established by assigning point values based on font colour or conceptual category. Word distinctiveness varied across three list structures: homogeneous lists of words (same colour or category), 50/50 lists containing words in two font colours or from two categories, and isolation lists in which a word was isolated in serial position two either by colour (Experiments 1 and 2) or category (Experiment 3). Word priority was established before list presentation in Experiment 1 and after list presentation in Experiments 2 and 3. When colour priority was established before list presentation, participants recalled high-priority words better than low-priority words across all list structures. Early isolation enhanced recall for high-priority words but impaired recall for low-priority words. When colour priority was established after list presentation, neither priority nor distinctiveness enhanced recall. When category priority was established after list presentation, participants recalled high-priority words better than low-priority words, and isolation only enhanced recall when it was combined with high priority. We concluded that priority and distinctiveness combine to produce the early isolation effect, and that encoding and retrieval processes interact to enhance memory for high-priority and distinctive events.