INSERM U1105, Research Group on Multimodal Analysis of Brain Function, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles du Système Nerveux Pédiatrique, Amiens-Picardie Medical Center, Amiens, France.
INSERM U1105, Research Group on Multimodal Analysis of Brain Function, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles du Système Nerveux Pédiatrique, Amiens-Picardie Medical Center, Amiens, France.
Neurophysiol Clin. 2021 Jan;51(1):5-33. doi: 10.1016/j.neucli.2020.10.006. Epub 2020 Nov 6.
Electroencephalography is the only clinically available technique that can address the premature neonate normal and pathological functional development week after week. The changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) result from gradual structural and functional modifications that arise during the last trimester of pregnancy. Here, we review the structural changes over time that underlie the establishment of functional immature neural networks, the impact of certain anatomical specificities (fontanelles, connectivity, etc.) on the EEG, limitations in EEG interpretation, and the utility of high-resolution EEG (HR-EEG) in premature newborns (a promising technique with a high degree of spatiotemporal resolution). In particular, we classify EEG features according to whether they are manifestations of endogenous generators (i.e. theta activities that coalesce with a slow wave or delta brushes) or come from a broader network. Furthermore, we review publications on EEG in premature animals because the data provide a better understanding of what is happening in premature newborns. We then discuss the results and limitations of functional connectivity analyses in premature newborns. Lastly, we report on the magnetoelectroencephalographic studies of brain activity in the fetus. A better understanding of complex interactions at various structural and functional levels during normal neurodevelopment (as assessed using electroencephalography as a benchmark method) might lead to better clinical care and monitoring for premature neonates.
脑电图是唯一可用于评估早产儿正常和病理功能发育的临床方法，且可逐周进行。脑电图（EEG）的变化源于妊娠晚期逐渐发生的结构和功能改变。在此，我们综述了支持不成熟神经功能网络建立的结构变化，某些解剖学特征（囟门、连通性等）对 EEG 的影响，EEG 解读的局限性，以及高分辨率脑电图（HR-EEG）在早产儿中的应用（这是一种具有高时空分辨率的很有前途的技术）。特别是，我们根据 EEG 特征是源自内源性发生器（即与慢波或 delta 刷合并的θ活动）还是源自更广泛的网络，对其进行分类。此外，我们还综述了关于早产儿动物脑电图的文献，因为这些数据有助于更好地了解早产儿中发生的情况。然后，我们讨论了早产儿功能连接分析的结果和局限性。最后，我们报告了胎儿脑活动的脑磁图研究。更好地理解正常神经发育过程中各个结构和功能水平的复杂相互作用（使用脑电图作为基准方法进行评估）可能会为早产儿的临床护理和监测带来益处。
