Kirschenbaum D S
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987 Oct;19(5 Suppl):S106-13.
All serious sport participants must engage in goal-directed behaviors in the relative absence of immediate external constraints (i.e., self-regulation). Psychologists have developed theoretical models of self-regulation and produced principles of self-regulation that are summarized by the models. These concepts apply directly to sport performance. The purpose of this paper is to review the most relevant concepts in self-regulation and show how they impact on sport psychology. Several studies are reviewed which have used self-regulatory concepts to help both elite and ordinary athletes improve their performance. For example, the research indicates that when performance is difficult (e.g., at low and moderate skill levels), performance can be improved by keeping track of successes while performing or while viewing videotapes of one's own performance. Keeping track of instances of inadequate performance may prove detrimental except if the tasks being monitored are extremely easy or routine. How to apply this principle and others to sport performance is discussed.
所有严肃的运动参与者都必须在相对缺乏即时外部约束的情况下（即自我调节）进行目标导向行为。心理学家已经开发了自我调节的理论模型，并得出了自我调节的原则，这些原则由模型进行了总结。这些概念直接适用于运动表现。本文的目的是回顾自我调节中最相关的概念，并展示它们如何影响运动心理学。文中回顾了几项研究，这些研究使用自我调节概念来帮助精英和普通运动员提高他们的表现。例如，研究表明，当表现困难时（如在低和中等技能水平时），在执行任务时或观看自己表现的录像带时记录成功经历可以提高表现。记录表现不足的情况可能被证明是有害的，除非所监测的任务极其简单或常规。本文还讨论了如何将这一原则及其他原则应用于运动表现。
