The modulation of striatonigral and nigrotectal pathways by CB1 signalling in the substantia nigra pars reticulata regulates panic elicited in mice by urutu-cruzeiro lancehead pit vipers.

Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CBR) is widely distributed in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr). However, the role of CBR at the SNpr level in threatening situations is poorly understood. We investigated the role of CBR in the SNpr on the expression of fear responses in mice confronted with urutu-cruzeiro pit vipers. First, a bidirectional neurotracer was injected into the SNpr; then, immunostaining of the vesicular GABA transporter was conducted at the levels of the striatum (CPu) and deep layers of the superior colliculus (dlSC). In addition, CBR immunostaining and GABA labelling were performed in the SNpr. Using a prey-versus-snake paradigm, mice were pretreated with the CBR antagonist AM251 (100 pmol) and treated with the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA, 5 pmol) in the SNpr, followed by bicuculline (40 ng) in the dlSC, and were then confronted with a snake. Bidirectional neural tract tracers associated with immunofluorescence showed the GABAergic striatonigral disinhibitory and nigrotectal inhibitory pathways. Furthermore, we showed that CBR labelling was restricted to axonal fibres surrounding SNpr GABAergic cells. We also demonstrated a decrease in the defensive behaviours of mice treated with AEA in the SNpr, but this effect was blocked by pre-treatment with AM251 in this structure. Taken together, our results show that the panicolytic consequences of the AEA enhancement in the SNpr are signalled by CBR, suggesting that CBR localised in axon terminals of CPu GABAergic neurons in the SNpr modulates the activity of the nigrotectal GABAergic pathway during the expression of defensive behaviours in threatening situations.