USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory (retired), 1616 Albrecht Blvd., Fargo, ND 58102-2765, USA.
USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment (retired), 2110 University Boulevard, Ames, IA 50011-3120, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Jan 1;750:141188. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141188. Epub 2020 Aug 3.
Scientists have correlated land application of animal wastes as fertilizer with the feminization of fish. Two questions were asked. 1) Under a worst case scenario when animal waste (layer and roaster litter, or farrowing swine slurry) is applied and tilled in 24 h prior to a surface-runoff producing rainfall, will estrogenic equivalents exceed the Lowest Observable Effect Concentration (LOEC) for fish (10 ng/L)? 2) Can calcium concentrations in runoff, measured using a rapid meter-based method, be used as a sentinel of elevated estrogenic activity? In a 3-yr study wastes were surface-applied and incorporated and 24 h later, 1.5 by 3 m plots were subjected to simulated rainfall and again 1 wk. and 3 wk. later. Nutrients in runoff were also measured, and in year 1 total coliforms and E. coli. were assessed. Except for an initial preliminary test run, runoff from all plots and years never exceeded 10 ng/L E2Eq equivalent. Calcium concentrations in runoff were not related to estrogenicity, negating its use as a sentinel marker. Specific estrogens in animal waste and runoff were identified by mass spectrometry with concentrations in runoff dependant on manure source and timing of rainfall. As expected, total coliform and E. coli concentrations in runoff were increased by the application of layer litter. Concentrations of nutrients in runoff would not be expected to result in surface water concentrations higher than guidelines for protection of aquatic species. Animal wastes applied in quantities appropriate for crop nutrient requirements, tilled into the soil surface, in observance of regulations avoiding application within 24 h of a predicted rain event, should not result in estrogen levels of environmental concern.
科学家们将动物废物作为肥料进行土地应用与鱼类雌性化现象联系起来。提出了两个问题。1）在最坏的情况下，当动物废物（鸡粪和猪粪，或分娩猪粪浆）在产生地表径流的降雨前 24 小时内施用到土壤中并翻耕时，雌激素当量是否会超过鱼类的最低可观察效应浓度（LOEC）（10ng/L）？2）可以使用基于快速计的方法测量径流水中的钙浓度作为雌激素活性升高的哨兵吗？在一项为期 3 年的研究中，废物被表面施用并混合，24 小时后，1.5 米乘 3 米的地块接受了模拟降雨，然后在 1 周和 3 周后再次接受了模拟降雨。还测量了径流水中的养分，在第 1 年评估了总大肠菌群和大肠杆菌。除了初步的初步测试运行外，所有地块和年份的径流水都从未超过 10ng/L E2Eq 当量。径流水中的钙浓度与雌激素活性无关，否定了其作为哨兵标记的用途。通过质谱法确定了动物废物和径流水中的特定雌激素，径流水中的浓度取决于粪便来源和降雨时间。正如预期的那样，鸡粪的应用增加了总大肠菌群和大肠杆菌在径流中的浓度。径流中养分的浓度预计不会导致地表水浓度高于保护水生物种的指南。按照避免在预测降雨事件前 24 小时内应用的规定，以适当满足作物养分需求的数量将动物废物施用到土壤表面并进行翻耕，不应导致环境关注的雌激素水平。
