University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2020 Dec;40:17-26. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.07.022. Epub 2020 Aug 23.
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) have gained substantial attention in recent years for their potential in health promotion and treatment of diseases, but they remain controversial in nutrition guidelines and exercise performance. Herein, through a literature review, we discuss the current evidence base by considering management of LCD and potential coupling of these dietary regiments with physical exercise.
We performed a comprehensive literature review with no date limits as a means of including seminal to current studies.
Reduction of CHO intake decreases muscle glycogen, yielding greater fat oxidation and associated metabolic benefits. LCD may promote fat mass loss and regulation of biochemical parameters, such as lipid and glycemic biomarkers. The therapeutic potential of LCD towards noncommunicable diseases, particularly obesity and its comorbidities, is therefore reasonable as a dietary candidate in this context. Potential benefits to this approach are linked to enhancement of mitochondrial gene expression and mitochondrial biogenesis. As such, LCD may be a feasible tool in a 'periodized nutrition' for athletes and within clinical scenarios. Long-term observational follow-up studies have demonstrated increased mortality and cardiovascular implications of LCD. However, harmful associations may depend on the food source (e.g., animal-based vs. plant-based foods).
LCD may decrease body mass, waist circumference, and improve fat and carbohydrate metabolism. When combined with exercise, LCD seems to be an effective strategy in regulating metabolic factors of cardiovascular diseases. Conversely, LCD may be associated with higher mortality and metabolic dysregulations if it contains large amounts of animal-based foods, particularly saturated fat.
近年来，低碳水化合物饮食（LCD）因其在促进健康和治疗疾病方面的潜力而受到广泛关注，但在营养指南和运动表现方面仍存在争议。在此，我们通过文献回顾，讨论了当前的证据基础，同时考虑了 LCD 的管理以及这些饮食方案与体育锻炼的潜在结合。
我们进行了一项全面的文献回顾，没有时间限制，旨在纳入开创性研究和当前研究。
减少 CHO 摄入会减少肌肉糖原，从而增加脂肪氧化和相关代谢益处。LCD 可能会促进脂肪质量的减少和生化参数的调节，如脂质和血糖生物标志物。因此，LCD 对非传染性疾病（特别是肥胖及其合并症）的治疗潜力是合理的，因为它是这种情况下的一种饮食选择。这种方法的潜在益处与增强线粒体基因表达和线粒体生物发生有关。因此，LCD 可能是运动员“周期性营养”和临床环境中的一种可行工具。长期观察性随访研究表明，LCD 增加了死亡率和心血管疾病的影响。然而，有害的关联可能取决于食物来源（例如，动物源食品与植物源食品）。
LCD 可能会降低体重、腰围，并改善脂肪和碳水化合物代谢。当与运动结合使用时，LCD 似乎是调节心血管疾病代谢因素的有效策略。相反，如果 LCD 含有大量的动物源食品，特别是饱和脂肪，则可能与更高的死亡率和代谢失调有关。
