Kużelewska Elżbieta, Tomaszuk Mariusz
Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok, Ul. Mickiewicza 1, 15-213 Białystok, Poland.
Int J Semiot Law. 2022;35(3):1067-1079. doi: 10.1007/s11196-020-09712-x. Epub 2020 May 4.
The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognized that "everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits". As a result, cultural rights have been understood as inseparable from human rights and require protection mechanisms within particular international (including regional) legal systems. The European continent is proud to have developed one of the most effective mechanisms of the human rights protection by establishing the Council of Europe and adopting the European Court of Human Rights. The recent outbreak of the COVID-19 reformulated many concepts of access to human rights and possibilities to enjoy freedoms. Even if access to culture (access to cultural heritage) has been available online for many years, it is the time of globally occurring lockdowns that forced people to stay home and found themselves in a situation when all of a sudden online access to culture became the only way of access to culture. The article aims to analyze the current situation in Europe by asking questions if and how online access to culture is recognized and protected under the Council of Europe's mechanisms with special emphasis on the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights in this field.
1948年的《世界人权宣言》承认，“人人有权自由参加社会的文化生活，享受艺术，并分享科学进步及其产生的福利”。因此，文化权利被视为与人权不可分割，并需要特定国际（包括区域）法律体系中的保护机制。欧洲大陆因建立了欧洲委员会并设立了欧洲人权法院而自豪地拥有了最有效的人权保护机制之一。最近爆发的新冠疫情重新定义了许多获取人权和享有自由的概念。即使多年来在线获取文化（获取文化遗产）已经成为可能，但正是全球范围内实施的封锁迫使人们待在家里，突然发现在线获取文化成了获取文化的唯一途径。本文旨在通过探讨在欧洲委员会机制下在线获取文化是否以及如何得到承认和保护这一问题来分析欧洲的现状，特别着重于欧洲人权法院在这一领域的判例法。
