Patel Avani Bharatkumar, Shaikh Shabnam, Jain Kunal R, Desai Chirayu, Madamwar Datta
Post Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Sardar Patel University, Anand, India.
P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand, India.
Front Microbiol. 2020 Nov 5;11:562813. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.562813. eCollection 2020.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread across the globe mainly due to long-term anthropogenic sources of pollution. The inherent properties of PAHs such as heterocyclic aromatic ring structures, hydrophobicity, and thermostability have made them recalcitrant and highly persistent in the environment. PAH pollutants have been determined to be highly toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and immunotoxicogenic to various life forms. Therefore, this review discusses the primary sources of PAH emissions, exposure routes, and toxic effects on humans, in particular. This review briefly summarizes the physical and chemical PAH remediation approaches such as membrane filtration, soil washing, adsorption, electrokinetic, thermal, oxidation, and photocatalytic treatments. This review provides a detailed systematic compilation of the eco-friendly biological treatment solutions for remediation of PAHs such as microbial remediation approaches using bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, and co-cultures. and biological treatments such as land farming, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, phytoremediation, bioreactor, and vermiremediation approaches are discussed in detail, and a summary of the factors affecting and limiting PAH bioremediation is also discussed. An overview of emerging technologies employing multi-process combinatorial treatment approaches is given, and newer concepts on generation of value-added by-products during PAH remediation are highlighted in this review.
多环芳烃（PAHs）在全球范围内广泛存在，主要归因于长期的人为污染源。PAHs的固有特性，如杂环芳香环结构、疏水性和热稳定性，使其在环境中具有顽固性和高度持久性。已确定PAH污染物对各种生命形式具有高毒性、致突变性、致癌性、致畸性和免疫毒性。因此，本综述特别讨论了PAH排放的主要来源、暴露途径以及对人类的毒性影响。本综述简要总结了PAH的物理和化学修复方法，如膜过滤、土壤冲洗、吸附、电动、热、氧化和光催化处理。本综述详细系统地汇编了用于修复PAHs的环保生物处理解决方案，如使用细菌、古菌、真菌、藻类和共培养物的微生物修复方法。并详细讨论了土地耕作、生物刺激、生物强化、植物修复、生物反应器和蚯蚓修复等生物处理方法，还讨论了影响和限制PAH生物修复的因素总结。给出了采用多工艺组合处理方法的新兴技术概述，本综述突出了PAH修复过程中产生增值副产品的新概念。
