Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Denmark.
Instituto de Salud Carlos III, National Centre for Environmental Health, Spain.
Environ Int. 2021 Jan;146:106082. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106082. Epub 2020 Nov 20.
The major purpose of human biomonitoring is the mapping and assessment of human exposure to chemicals. The European initiative HBM4EU has prioritized seven substance groups and two metals relevant for human exposure: Phthalates and substitutes (1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester, DINCH), bisphenols, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), halogenated and organophosphorous flame retardants (HFRs and OPFRs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), arylamines, cadmium and chromium. As a first step towards comparable European-wide data, the most suitable biomarkers, human matrices and analytical methods for each substance group or metal were selected from the scientific literature, based on a set of selection criteria. The biomarkers included parent compounds of PFASs and HFRs in serum, of bisphenols and arylamines in urine, metabolites of phthalates, DINCH, OPFRs and PAHs in urine as well as metals in blood and urine, with a preference to measure Cr in erythrocytes representing Cr (VI) exposure. High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was the method of choice for bisphenols, PFASs, the HFR hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), phenolic HFRs as well as the metabolites of phthalates, DINCH, OPFRs and PAHs in urine. Gas chromatographic (GC) methods were selected for the remaining compounds, e.g. GC-low resolution MS with electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) for HFRs. Both GC-MS and LC-MS/MS were suitable for arylamines. New developments towards increased applications of GC-MS/MS may offer alternatives to GC-MS or LC-MS/MS approaches, e.g. for bisphenols. The metals were best determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-MS, with the particular challenge of avoiding interferences in the Cd determination in urine. The evaluation process revealed research needs towards higher sensitivity and non-invasive sampling as well as a need for more stringent quality assurance/quality control applications and assessments.
人体生物监测的主要目的是绘制和评估人体接触化学物质的情况。欧洲倡议 HBM4EU 已经确定了七种与人体接触有关的物质组和两种金属：邻苯二甲酸酯和替代品（1,2-环己烷二羧酸二异壬酯，DINCH）、双酚、全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFASs）、卤化和有机磷阻燃剂（HFRs 和 OPFRs）、多环芳烃（PAHs）、芳胺、镉和铬。作为迈向可比的全欧数据的第一步，根据一套选择标准，从科学文献中为每个物质组或金属选择了最适合的生物标志物、人体基质和分析方法。生物标志物包括 PFASs 和 HFRs 在血清中的母体化合物、双酚和芳胺在尿液中的代谢物、邻苯二甲酸酯、DINCH、OPFRs 和 PAHs 在尿液中的代谢物以及血液和尿液中的金属，优选测量红细胞中的 Cr 来代表 Cr（VI）暴露。高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）是双酚、PFASs、HFR 六溴环十二烷（HBCDD）、酚类 HFR 以及尿液中邻苯二甲酸酯、DINCH、OPFRs 和 PAHs 代谢物的首选方法。气相色谱法（GC）方法适用于其余化合物，例如，GC-低分辨率 MS 与电子捕获负离子（ECNI）联用用于 HFR。GC-MS 和 LC-MS/MS 都适用于芳胺。GC-MS/MS 的新发展可能为 GC-MS 或 LC-MS/MS 方法提供替代方法，例如用于双酚。金属最好通过电感耦合等离子体（ICP）-MS 来确定，其中特别的挑战是避免尿液中 Cd 测定的干扰。评估过程揭示了对更高灵敏度和非侵入性采样的研究需求，以及对更严格的质量保证/质量控制应用和评估的需求。
