Govarts Eva, Gilles Liese, Rodriguez Martin Laura, Santonen Tiina, Apel Petra, Alvito Paula, Anastasi Elena, Andersen Helle Raun, Andersson Anna-Maria, Andryskova Lenka, Antignac Jean-Philippe, Appenzeller Brice, Barbone Fabio, Barnett-Itzhaki Zohar, Barouki Robert, Berman Tamar, Bil Wieneke, Borges Teresa, Buekers Jurgen, Cañas-Portilla Ana, Covaci Adrian, Csako Zsofia, Den Hond Elly, Dvorakova Darina, Fabelova Lucia, Fletcher Tony, Frederiksen Hanne, Gabriel Catherine, Ganzleben Catherine, Göen Thomas, Halldorsson Thorhallur I, Haug Line S, Horvat Milena, Huuskonen Pasi, Imboden Medea, Jagodic Hudobivnik Marta, Janasik Beata, Janev Holcer Natasa, Karakitsios Spyros, Katsonouri Andromachi, Klanova Jana, Kokaraki Venetia, Kold Jensen Tina, Koponen Jani, Laeremans Michelle, Laguzzi Federica, Lange Rosa, Lemke Nora, Lignell Sanna, Lindroos Anna Karin, Lobo Vicente Joana, Luijten Mirjam, Makris Konstantinos C, Mazej Darja, Melymuk Lisa, Meslin Matthieu, Mol Hans, Montazeri Parisa, Murawski Aline, Namorado Sónia, Niemann Lars, Nübler Stefanie, Nunes Baltazar, Olafsdottir Kristin, Palkovicova Murinova Lubica, Papaioannou Nafsika, Pedraza-Diaz Susana, Piler Pavel, Plichta Veronika, Poteser Michael, Probst-Hensch Nicole, Rambaud Loïc, Rauscher-Gabernig Elke, Rausova Katarina, Remy Sylvie, Riou Margaux, Rosolen Valentina, Rousselle Christophe, Rüther Maria, Sarigiannis Denis, Silva Maria J, Šlejkovec Zdenka, Snoj Tratnik Janja, Stajnko Anja, Szigeti Tamas, Tarazona José V, Thomsen Cathrine, Tkalec Žiga, Tolonen Hanna, Trnovec Tomas, Uhl Maria, Van Nieuwenhuyse An, Vasco Elsa, Verheyen Veerle J, Viegas Susana, Vinggaard Anne Marie, Vogel Nina, Vorkamp Katrin, Wasowicz Wojciech, Weber Till, Wimmerova Sona, Woutersen Marjolijn, Zimmermann Philipp, Zvonar Martin, Koch Holger, Kolossa-Gehring Marike, Esteban López Marta, Castaño Argelia, Stewart Lorraine, Sepai Ovnair, Schoeters Greet
VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium.
VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2023 Apr;249:114119. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114119. Epub 2023 Feb 9.
As one of the core elements of the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) a human biomonitoring (HBM) survey was conducted in 23 countries to generate EU-wide comparable HBM data. This survey has built on existing HBM capacity in Europe by aligning national or regional HBM studies, referred to as the HBM4EU Aligned Studies. The HBM4EU Aligned Studies included a total of 10,795 participants of three age groups: (i) 3,576 children aged 6-12 years, (ii) 3,117 teenagers aged 12-18 years and (iii) 4,102 young adults aged 20-39 years. The participants were recruited between 2014 and 2021 in 11-12 countries per age group, geographically distributed across Europe. Depending on the age group, internal exposure to phthalates and the substitute DINCH, halogenated and organophosphorus flame retardants, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), cadmium, bisphenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), arsenic species, acrylamide, mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol (total DON)), benzophenones and selected pesticides was assessed by measuring substance specific biomarkers subjected to stringent quality control programs for chemical analysis. For substance groups analyzed in different age groups higher average exposure levels were observed in the youngest age group, i.e., phthalates/DINCH in children versus teenagers, acrylamide and pesticides in children versus adults, benzophenones in teenagers versus adults. Many biomarkers in teenagers and adults varied significantly according to educational attainment, with higher exposure levels of bisphenols, phthalates, benzophenones, PAHs and acrylamide in participants (from households) with lower educational attainment, while teenagers from households with higher educational attainment have higher exposure levels for PFASs and arsenic. In children, a social gradient was only observed for the non-specific pyrethroid metabolite 3-PBA and di-isodecyl phthalate (DiDP), with higher levels in children from households with higher educational attainment. Geographical variations were seen for all exposure biomarkers. For 15 biomarkers, the available health-based HBM guidance values were exceeded with highest exceedance rates for toxicologically relevant arsenic in teenagers (40%), 3-PBA in children (36%), and between 11 and 14% for total DON, Σ (PFOA + PFNA + PFHxS + PFOS), bisphenol S and cadmium. The infrastructure and harmonized approach succeeded in obtaining comparable European wide internal exposure data for a prioritized set of 11 chemical groups. These data serve as a reference for comparison at the global level, provide a baseline to compare the efficacy of the European Commission's chemical strategy for sustainability and will give leverage to national policy makers for the implementation of targeted measures.
作为欧洲人类生物监测倡议（HBM4EU）的核心要素之一，在23个国家开展了一项人类生物监测（HBM）调查，以生成全欧盟范围内具有可比性的HBM数据。该调查通过整合国家或地区的HBM研究（即HBM4EU整合研究），建立在欧洲现有的HBM能力基础之上。HBM4EU整合研究共纳入了三个年龄组的10795名参与者：（i）3576名6至12岁的儿童，（ii）3117名12至18岁的青少年，以及（iii）4102名20至39岁的年轻人。每个年龄组的参与者于2014年至2021年期间在11至12个国家招募，地理分布遍及欧洲。根据年龄组的不同，通过测量经过严格化学分析质量控制程序的特定物质生物标志物，评估了邻苯二甲酸盐和替代物 DINCH、卤化和有机磷阻燃剂、全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）、镉、双酚、多环芳烃（PAH）、砷类、丙烯酰胺、霉菌毒素（脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（总DON））、二苯甲酮和选定农药的体内暴露情况。对于在不同年龄组中分析的物质组，在最年幼的年龄组中观察到较高的平均暴露水平，即儿童与青少年相比的邻苯二甲酸盐/DINCH、儿童与成年人相比的丙烯酰胺和农药、青少年与成年人相比的二苯甲酮。青少年和成年人中的许多生物标志物根据教育程度有显著差异，教育程度较低的参与者（来自家庭）中双酚、邻苯二甲酸盐、二苯甲酮、PAH和丙烯酰胺的暴露水平较高，而来自教育程度较高家庭的青少年PFAS和砷的暴露水平较高。在儿童中，仅在非特异性拟除虫菊酯代谢物3-PBA和邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯（DiDP）方面观察到社会梯度，教育程度较高家庭的儿童中这些物质的水平较高。所有暴露生物标志物均存在地理差异。对于15种生物标志物，超过了基于健康的可用HBM指导值，青少年中与毒理学相关的砷超标率最高（40%），儿童中3-PBA超标率为36%，总DON、Σ（PFOA + PFNA + PFHxS + PFOS）、双酚S和镉的超标率在11%至14%之间。该基础设施和统一方法成功获得了一组优先排序的11种化学物质在全欧洲范围内具有可比性的体内暴露数据。这些数据可作为全球层面比较的参考，为比较欧盟委员会可持续发展化学战略的成效提供基线，并将有助于国家政策制定者实施针对性措施。
