Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology section, Clinical Center of Montenegro, Ljubljanska bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom.
Curr Pharm Des. 2021;27(27):3020-3035. doi: 10.2174/1381612826666201125103047.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and complex metabolic disorder, and also an important cause of cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVDs). Subclinical inflammation, observed in patients with type 2 DM (T2DM), cannot be considered the sole or primary cause of T2DM in the absence of classical risk factors, but it represents an important mechanism that serves as a bridge between primary causes of T2DM and its manifestation. Progress has been made in the identification of effective strategies to prevent or delay the onset of T2DM. It is important to identify those at increased risk for DM by using specific biomarkers. Inflammatory markers correlate with insulin resistance (IR) and glycoregulation in patients with DM. Also, several inflammatory markers have been shown to be useful in assessing the risk of developing DM and its complications. However, the intertwining of pathophysiological processes and the not-quite-specificity of inflammatory markers for certain clinical entities limits their practical use. In this review we consider the advantages and disadvantages of various inflammatory biomarkers of DM that have been investigated to date as well as possible future directions. Key features of such biomarkers should be high specificity, non-invasiveness and cost-effectiveness.
糖尿病（DM）是一种慢性且复杂的代谢紊乱疾病，也是心血管疾病（CVDs）的重要病因。在没有经典危险因素的情况下，观察到的 2 型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的亚临床炎症不能被认为是 T2DM 的唯一或主要病因，但它代表了一种重要的机制，是 T2DM 的主要病因与其表现之间的桥梁。已经取得了进展，确定了有效的策略来预防或延迟 T2DM 的发生。通过使用特定的生物标志物来识别那些患有 DM 风险增加的患者非常重要。炎症标志物与 DM 患者的胰岛素抵抗（IR）和糖调节有关。此外，已经证明几种炎症标志物可用于评估发生 DM 及其并发症的风险。然而，病理生理过程的交织以及炎症标志物对某些临床实体的特异性不足限制了它们的实际应用。在这篇综述中，我们考虑了迄今为止研究过的各种 DM 炎症生物标志物的优缺点以及可能的未来方向。此类生物标志物的关键特征应该是高特异性、非侵入性和成本效益。
