Norovirus elimination on the surface of fresh foods.

Fresh foods like fruits, vegetables and shellfish are potential sources for viral infections such as human norovirus (NoV). Chemical treatment like chlorination is a well-known process for food pathogens and virus elimination. However, with the increase of the consumer demand for less toxic treatment, the use of natural antimicrobials like essential oils from spice or plants, fruit extracts, and cold pasteurization treatments (fermentation, irradiation, ozonation and high pressure) could be considered. The aim of this review is to discuss these technologies and their efficacy to eliminate NoV on the surface of fresh food.