Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5876-3970 [H.A.]).
J Food Prot. 2020 Dec 1;83(12):2053-2073. doi: 10.4315/JFP-20-177.
Human noroviruses are enteric pathogens that cause a substantial proportion of acute gastroenteritis cases worldwide regardless of background variables such as age, ethnicity, and gender. Although person-to-person contact is the general route of transmission, foodborne infections are also common. Thorough cooking eliminates noroviruses, but several food products such as berries, leafy vegetables, and mollusks undergo only limited heat treatment, if any, before consumption. Novel applications of nonthermal processing technologies are currently being vigorously researched because they can be used to inactivate pathogens and extend product shelf life with limited effects on nutrient content and perceived quality. These technologies, adopted from several industrial fields, include some methods already approved for food processing that have been applied in the food industry for years. However, a majority of the research has been conducted with bacteria and simple matrixes or surfaces. This review focuses on elimination of norovirus in food matrixes by use of nonthermal technologies in four categories: high hydrostatic pressure, light, irradiation, and cold atmospheric plasma. We discuss the properties of noroviruses, principles and inactivation mechanisms of select technologies, and main findings of relevant studies. We also provide an overview of the current status of the research and propose future directions for related work.
人类诺如病毒是肠道病原体，无论年龄、种族和性别等背景变量如何，都会导致世界范围内相当一部分急性胃肠炎病例。尽管人际接触是一般的传播途径，但食源性感染也很常见。彻底烹饪可以消除诺如病毒，但一些食品，如浆果、叶菜类和贝类，在食用前只经过有限的热处理，如果有的话。目前正在大力研究新型非热加工技术的应用，因为它们可以在对营养成分和感官质量的影响有限的情况下，用于灭活病原体和延长产品的保质期。这些技术来自多个工业领域，包括一些已经批准用于食品加工的方法，这些方法已经在食品工业中应用多年。然而，大多数研究都是针对细菌和简单的基质或表面进行的。本综述重点介绍了在食品基质中通过使用非热技术消除诺如病毒的方法，分为四类：高静压、光、辐照和冷等离子体。我们讨论了诺如病毒的特性、选择技术的原理和灭活机制，以及相关研究的主要发现。我们还概述了研究的现状，并提出了相关工作的未来方向。
