UFSCar, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental - PPGBMA, CCTS, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
UFSCar, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental - PPGBMA, CCTS, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil; UFSCar, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CCHB, Departamento de Biologia, NuPECA, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
Environ Pollut. 2020 Dec;267:115622. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115622. Epub 2020 Sep 18.
The frequent exposure of bees to a wide variety of fungicides, on crops where they forage, can be considered a stressor factor for these pollinators. The organisms are exposed both to the fungicide active ingredients and to the adjuvants of commercial formulations. All these ingredients are brought to the hive by bee foragers through contaminated pollen and nectar, thus exposing also immature individuals during larval phase. This work aimed to compare the effects of larval exposure to the fungicide pyraclostrobin (active ingredient and commercial formulation) and its influence on the cytotoxicity to midguts in adults, which were inoculated with the Nosema ceranae spores in the post-emergence stage. Under laboratory conditions, Apis mellifera larvae received an artificial diet containing fungicide solution from the third to the sixth day of the feeding phase. One-day-old adult workers ingested 100,000 infectious N. ceranae spores mixed in sucrose solution. Effects on midgut were evaluated through cellular biomarkers of stress and cell death. The exposure to the fungicide (active ingredient and commercial formulation) did not affect the larval post-embryonic development and survival of adult bees. However, this exposure induced cytotoxicity in the cells of the midgut, showed by the increase in DNA fragmentation and alteration in the HSP70 immunolabeling pattern. Without the pathogen, the midgut cytotoxic effects and HSP70 immunolabeling of the organisms exposed to the commercial formulation were lower when compared to the exposure to its active ingredient. However, in the presence of the pathogen, the cytotoxic effects of the commercial formulation to the adult bees' midgut were potentialized. The pathogen N. ceranae increased the damage to the intestinal epithelium of adult bees. Thus, realistic doses of pyraclostrobin present in beebread consumed by larvae can affect the health and induce physiological implications to the midgut functions of the adult bees.
蜜蜂经常接触到作物上广泛使用的各种杀菌剂，这可以被认为是这些传粉媒介的应激因素。这些生物体既接触到杀菌剂的有效成分，也接触到商业制剂的助剂。所有这些成分都被蜜蜂采集者通过受污染的花粉和花蜜带回蜂巢，从而也使幼虫期的未成熟个体暴露在其中。本研究旨在比较幼虫接触杀菌剂吡唑醚菌酯（有效成分和商业制剂）及其对成虫中肠细胞毒性的影响，这些成虫在出蛰后阶段接种了蜜蜂微孢子虫（Nosema ceranae）孢子。在实验室条件下，蜜蜂幼虫在喂养阶段的第 3 至第 6 天接受含有杀菌剂溶液的人工饲料。1 日龄的成年工蜂摄入 10 万个混合在蔗糖溶液中的传染性 N. ceranae 孢子。通过应激和细胞死亡的细胞生物标志物评估对中肠的影响。暴露于杀菌剂（有效成分和商业制剂）不会影响幼虫的胚胎后发育和成年蜜蜂的生存。然而，这种暴露诱导了中肠细胞的细胞毒性，表现为 DNA 片段化增加和 HSP70 免疫标记模式改变。在没有病原体的情况下，与暴露于其有效成分相比，暴露于商业制剂的生物体的中肠细胞毒性和 HSP70 免疫标记较低。然而，在存在病原体的情况下，商业制剂对成年蜜蜂中肠的细胞毒性作用得到增强。病原体 N. ceranae 增加了成年蜜蜂肠道上皮的损伤。因此，幼虫摄入的含有真实剂量吡唑醚菌酯的蜂粮可能会影响蜜蜂的健康，并对成年蜜蜂的中肠功能产生生理影响。
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