Horizontally Elongated Time Domain Reflectometry System for Evaluation of Soil Moisture Distribution.

The objective of this study was to develop a horizontally elongated time domain reflectometry (HETDR) system to evaluate the water content in nonuniformly wetted soils. The HETDR probe consists of three rods of stainless steel and a cuboid head: A center electrode and two outer electrodes are connected to the inner and outer conductors of a coaxial cable, respectively. An acrylic container divided into several segments was used to prepare nonuniformly wetted soils with different water contents for a series of model tests. The HETDR probe was placed horizontally at the middle height of each soil specimen, while a conventional time domain reflectometry (TDR) probe was applied vertically on the surface of the specimen. The experimental results show that as the soil water content (SWC) at a segment increases, the average amplitude decreases and the duration increases. The estimated SWC increases with the measured SWC, and especially, the difference between actual segment length and the segment length estimated from the HETDR probes is significant under dry conditions. This study demonstrates that HETDR may be a promising field-testing method for evaluating the average water content in nonuniformly wetted soils.