Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
Results Probl Cell Differ. 2020;69:559-580. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_21.
Endosymbiosis is found in all types of ecosystems and it can be sensitive to environmental changes due to the intimate interaction between the endosymbiont and the host. Indeed, global climate change disturbs the local ambient environment and threatens endosymbiotic species, and in some cases leads to local ecosystem collapse. Recent studies have revealed that the endosymbiont can affect holobiont (endosymbiont and host together) stress tolerance as much as the host does, and manipulation of the microbial partners in holobionts may mitigate the impacts of the environmental stress. Here, we first show how the endosymbiont presence affects holobiont stress tolerance by discussing three well-studied endosymbiotic systems, which include plant-fungi, aquatic organism-algae, and insect-bacteria systems. We then review how holobionts are able to alter their stress tolerance via associated endosymbionts by changing their endosymbiont composition, by adaptation of their endosymbionts, or by acclimation of their endosymbionts. Finally, we discuss how different transmission modes (vertical or horizontal transmission) might affect the adaptability of holobionts. We propose that the endosymbiont is a good target for modifying holobiont stress tolerance, which makes it critical to more fully investigate the role of endosymbionts in the adaptive responses of holobionts to stress.
共生现象存在于所有类型的生态系统中，由于内共生体与宿主之间的密切相互作用，它可能对外界环境变化很敏感。事实上，全球气候变化扰乱了当地的环境，并威胁到内共生物种，在某些情况下还会导致当地生态系统崩溃。最近的研究表明，内共生体可以像宿主一样影响整个共生体（内共生体和宿主一起）的应激耐受能力，并且对内共生体中的微生物伙伴进行操纵可能会减轻环境压力的影响。在这里，我们首先通过讨论三个研究充分的内共生系统，包括植物-真菌、水生生物-藻类和昆虫-细菌系统，展示内共生体的存在如何影响整个共生体的应激耐受能力。然后，我们综述了整个共生体如何通过改变共生体的组成、共生体的适应或共生体的驯化来改变它们的应激耐受能力。最后，我们讨论了不同的传播模式（垂直或水平传播）如何影响整个共生体的适应性。我们提出，内共生体是修饰整个共生体应激耐受能力的一个很好的目标，这使得更全面地研究内共生体在整个共生体对压力的适应反应中的作用变得至关重要。
