Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Microbiol Immunol. 2021 Jan;65(1):1-9. doi: 10.1111/1348-0421.12865. Epub 2020 Dec 31.
Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection is associated with every kind of respiratory tract illnesses, including the common cold, laryngotracheobronchitis (i.e. croup), tracheobronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, in both children and adults. Although HPIVs are common respiratory pathogens, there are increasing reports about extrapulmonary manifestations of HPIVs infection. Each of the HPIVs could produce infection of other organs (central nervous system, heart, myocardium, etc.) in all age groups who are either immunocompetent or immunocompromised. This review aimed at summarizing the available data on clinical manifestations of HPIV infection outside the respiratory tract from 1961 to 2020. The findings support the possibility of extrapulmonary infections that were thought to be due to rare host genetic or immunologic defects in infected patients. These findings highlight the fact that extrapulmonary dissemination of HPIV can occur, but the association is not clearly demonstrated. Our data support the hypothesis that HPIV infection is one of the possible causes of these alterations and may even be the direct cause in some cases.
人类副流感病毒（HPIV）感染与各种呼吸道疾病有关，包括儿童和成人的普通感冒、喉气管支气管炎（即哮吼）、气管支气管炎、细支气管炎和肺炎。尽管 HPIV 是常见的呼吸道病原体，但越来越多的关于 HPIV 感染的肺外表现的报告。在免疫功能正常或免疫功能低下的所有年龄组中，每种 HPIV 都可能导致其他器官（中枢神经系统、心脏、心肌等）感染。本综述旨在总结 1961 年至 2020 年期间有关呼吸道外 HPIV 感染临床表现的现有数据。研究结果支持肺外感染的可能性，这些感染被认为是感染患者罕见的宿主遗传或免疫缺陷所致。这些发现强调了 HPIV 可以发生肺外播散的事实，但这种关联尚未得到明确证实。我们的数据支持 HPIV 感染是这些改变的可能原因之一的假设，在某些情况下甚至可能是直接原因。
