Differential clusterization of soluble and extracellular vesicle-associated cytokines in myocardial infarction.

A proinflammatory dysregulation of cytokine release is associated with various diseases, in particular with those of infectious etiology, as well as with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We showed earlier that cytokines are released in two forms, soluble and in association with extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here, we investigated the patterns of expression and clustering of soluble and EV-associated cytokines in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We collected plasma samples from 48 volunteers without CVD and 62 patients with STEMI, separated soluble and EV fractions, and analyzed them for 33 cytokines using a multiplexed bead-based assay. We identified soluble and EV-associated cytokines that are upregulated in STEMI and form correlative clusters. Several clustered soluble cytokines were expressed almost exclusively in patients with STEMI. EV-associated cytokines were largely not affected by STEMI, except for pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-18, and MIG, as well as anti-inflammatory IL-2 that were upregulated in a correlated fashion. Our results demonstrated that soluble cytokines in patients with STEMI are upregulated in a coordinated fashion in contrast to the mainly unaffected system of EV-associated cytokines. Identification of cytokine clusters affected differently by STEMI now permits investigation of their differential contributions to this pathology.