In Situ Imaging Polysulfides Electrochemistry of Li-S Batteries in a Hollow Carbon Nanotubule Wet Electrochemical Cell.

Understanding polysulfide electrochemistry is critical for mitigation of the polysulfide shuttle effect in Li-S batteries. However, in situ imaging polysulfides evolution in Li-S batteries has not been possible. Herein, we constructed a hollow carbon nanotubule (CNT) wet electrochemical cell that permits real-time imaging of polysulfide evolutions in Li-S batteries in a Cs-corrected environmental transmission electron microscope. Upon discharge, sulfur was electrochemically reduced to long-chain polysulfides, which dissolved into the electrolyte instantly and were stabilized by Py cations solvation. Metastable polysulfides prove to be problematic for Li-S batteries, therefore, destabilizing the Py-solvated polysulfides by adding low polarized solvents into the electrolyte to weaken the interaction between Py cation and long-chain polysulfides renders a rapid polysulfides-to-LiS transition, thus efficiently mitigating polysulfide formation and improving the performance of Li-S batteries dramatically. Moreover, the CNT wet electrochemical cell proves to be a universal platform for in situ probing electrochemistry of various batteries.